Sgarbossa Criteria

Smith-Modified Sgarbossa Criteria

Background

• In patients with left bundle branch block (LBBB) or ventricular paced rhythm, infarct diagnosis based on the ECG can be difficult
• Abnormal depolarisation should be followed by abnormal repolarisation, manifesting as ST-segment and T-wave deviations that do not necessarily indicate acute ischaemia (“appropriate discordance”)

• However, serial ECGs may show dynamic ST segment changes during ischaemia
• In 1996, Elena B Sgarbossa first described criteria to assist clinicians to diagnose infarction in the setting of LBBB

Original Sgarbossa Criteria

The original three criteria used to diagnose infarction in patients with LBBB are:

These criteria are specific, but not sensitive (36%) for myocardial infarction. A total score of ≥ 3 is reported to have a specificity of 90% for diagnosing myocardial infarction.

During right ventricular pacing the ECG also shows left bundle brach block and the above rules also apply for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction during pacing, however they are less specific.

Smith-Modified Sgarbossa Criteria

As discussed in this article by Stephen Smith, the Smith modified Sgarbossa criteria for Occlusion Myocardial Infarction (OMI) in LBBB have been created to improve diagnostic accuracy. The most important change is the modification of the rule for excessive discordance.

The use of a 5 mm cutoff for excessive discordance was arbitrary and non-specific — for example, patients with LBBB and large voltages will commonly have ST deviations > 5 mm in the absence of ischaemia. The modified rule is positive for “STEMI” if there is discordant ST elevation with amplitude > 25% of the depth of the preceding S-wave.

Smith-Modified Sgarbossa Criteria:

See the modified Sgarbossa criteria in action in this excellent case study by Stephen Smith and references for the 1) Derivation and 2) validation of the Smith-Modified criteria

1. Smith SW et al. Diagnosis of ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction in the Presence of Left Bundle Branch Block using the ST Elevation to S-Wave Ratio in a Modified Sgarbossa Rule. Annals of Emergency Medicine 2012;60:766-776
2. Meyers HP, Limkakeng AT Jr, Jaffa EJ, Patel A, Theiling BJ, Rezaie SR, Stewart T, Zhuang C, Pera VK, Smith SW. Validation of the modified Sgarbossa criteria for acute coronary occlusion in the setting of left bundle branch block: A retrospective case-control study. Am Heart J. 2015;170(6):1255-1264.

ECG Examples

Example 1

Positive Sgarbossa criteria in a patient with LBBB and troponin-positive myocardial infarction:

• This patient presented with chest pain and had elevated cardiac enzymes.
• Previous ECG showed typical LBBB
• There is 1mm concordant ST elevation in aVL (= 5 points)
• Other features on this ECG that are abnormal in the context of LBBB (but not considered “positive” Sgarbossa criteria) are the pathological Q wave in lead I and the concordant ST depression in the inferior leads III and aVF.
• This constellation of abnormalities suggests to the authors that the patient was having a high lateral infarction

Example 2

Positive Sgarbossa criteria in a patient with a ventricular paced rhythm:

• There is concordant ST depression in V2-5 (= Sgarbossa positive).
• The morphology in V2-5 is reminiscent of posterior STEMI, with horizontal ST depression and prominent upright T waves.

This patient had a confirmed posterior infarction, requiring PCI to a completely occluded posterolateral branch of the RCA.

Example 3

Example 4

Cases

• TOP 100 ECG – Case 084

Related Topics

• ECG Medical Training – Sgarbossa Criteria – Part 1
• ECG Medical Training – Sgarbossa Criteria – Part 2
• ECG Medical Training – Sgarbossa Criteria – Part 3
• Sgarbossa rule update from Sgarbossa et al – American Heart Journal 2013
• STEMI in the context of LBBB – by Stephen Smith at EP Monthly
• Excellent ECG cases exploring ischaemia in the context of LBBB – Dr Smith’s ECG Blog
• Left bundle branch block – LITFL

References

• Sgarbossa EB, Pinski SL, Gates KB, and Wagner GS. Early electrocardiographic diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in the presence of ventricular paced rhythm. GUSTO-I investigators. Am J Cardiol 1996 Feb 15; 77(5) 423-424
• Sgarbossa EB et al. Electrocardiographic diagnosis of evolving acute myocardial infarction in the presence of left bundle-branch block. GUSTO-1. N Engl J Med 1996 Feb 22; 334(8) 481-7
• Madias JE. The nonspecificity of ST-segment elevation > or =5.0 mm in V1-V3 in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in the presence of ventricular paced rhythm. J Electrocardiol 2004 Apr; 37(2) 135-139
• Wong CK et al. Patients with prolonged ischemic chest pain and presumed-new left bundle branch block have heterogeneous outcomes depending on the presence of ST-segment changes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005 Jul 5; 46(1) 29-38
• Klimczak A et al. Electrocardiographic diagnosis of acute coronary syndromes in patients with left bundle branch block or paced rhythm. Cardiol J 2007; 14(2) 207-13
• Smith SW et al. Diagnosis of ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction in the Presence of Left Bundle Branch Block using the ST Elevation to S-Wave Ratio in a Modified Sgarbossa Rule. Annals of Emergency Medicine 2012;60:766-776

Advanced Reading

Online

• Wiesbauer F, Kühn P. ECG Mastery: Yellow Belt online course. Understand ECG basics. Medmastery
• Wiesbauer F, Kühn P. ECG Mastery: Blue Belt online course: Become an ECG expert. Medmastery
• Kühn P, Houghton A. ECG Mastery: Black Belt Workshop. Advanced ECG interpretation. Medmastery
• Rawshani A. Clinical ECG Interpretation ECG Waves
• Smith SW. Dr Smith’s ECG blog.

Textbooks

• Zimmerman FH. ECG Core Curriculum. 2023
• Mattu A, Berberian J, Brady WJ. Emergency ECGs: Case-Based Review and Interpretations, 2022
• Straus DG, Schocken DD. Marriott’s Practical Electrocardiography 13e, 2021
• Brady WJ, Lipinski MJ et al. Electrocardiogram in Clinical Medicine. 1e, 2020
• Mattu A, Tabas JA, Brady WJ. Electrocardiography in Emergency, Acute, and Critical Care. 2e, 2019
• Hampton J, Adlam D. The ECG Made Practical 7e, 2019
• Kühn P, Lang C, Wiesbauer F. ECG Mastery: The Simplest Way to Learn the ECG. 2015
• Grauer K. ECG Pocket Brain (Expanded) 6e, 2014
• Surawicz B, Knilans T. Chou’s Electrocardiography in Clinical Practice: Adult and Pediatric 6e, 2008
• Chan TC. ECG in Emergency Medicine and Acute Care 1e, 2004

LITFL Further Reading

• ECG Library Basics – Waves, Intervals, Segments and Clinical Interpretation
• ECG A to Z by diagnosis – ECG interpretation in clinical context
• ECG Exigency and Cardiovascular Curveball – ECG Clinical Cases
• 100 ECG Quiz – Self-assessment tool for examination practice
• ECG Reference SITES and BOOKS – the best of the rest