Ovarian torsion refers to the complete or partial rotation of the ovary on its ligamentous supports, often resulting in ischaemia. Ovarian Torsion is a true gynaecological emergency that requires urgent surgical intervention to prevent ovarian necrosis. 

Pre-eclampsia is part of a spectrum of conditions known as the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Its exact pathophysiology is uncertain.

Dysmenorrhoea (painful menstruation) is a very common condition. Despite the psychosocial impact of this condition, women are frequently reluctant to seek proper medical help.

Eclampsia can be defined as the encephalopathic complications of severe or imminent Preeclampsia toxaemia (PET). Eclampsia can occur in the ante-partum, intra-partum or immediate post-partum period.