EKG Library • LITFL • ECG Library Basics

ECG Library Content

ECG Basics – Waves, Intervals, Segments and Clinical Interpretation
ECG A to Z by diagnosis – ECG interpretation in clinical context
Top 100 ECG – Clinical cases and self assessment quiz
Activate or Wait – To the cath lab or not? Clinical cases
ECG Exigency and Cardiovascular Curveball – ECG Clinical Cases
ECG Resources and References
ECG Exam Template – Framework to answer ECG exam questions
Top 20 Online ECG Courses

Topic	Title	Keywords
ECG Lectures	ECG interpretation lectures - the basics	lecture, ecg, basics, interpretation
ECG Diagnosis	OMI: Replacing the STEMI misnomer	OMI, NOMI, STEMI, Occlusion Myocardial Infarction
ECG Diagnosis	Bundgaard syndrome	Familial ST-segment depression syndrome
ECG Diagnosis	Aslanger Pattern	OMI, NOMI, STEMI, Occlusion Myocardial Infarction
ECG Diagnosis	Masquerading Bundle Branch Block (MBBB)	LBBB, RBBB, CHB
ECG Exigency	Syncope, shock and chest pain	LMCA, Left Main Coronary Artery Occlusion, ST elevation in aVR
ECG Eponym	Hay Block (1906) - (Mobitz II AV Block) [HAY, John]	ECG, Mobitz AV Block, Mobitz Type II, 2nd degree AV block, atrioventricular block
ECG Eponym	Mobitz Classification of Second degree Atrioventricular Block (1924) [MOBITZ, Woldemar]	ECG, Mobitz AV Block2nd degree AV block, atrioventricular block
ECG Eponym	Romano-Ward Syndrome (1963) [ROMANO, Cesarino] [WARD, Owen Conor]	ECG Syndrome, Congenital (autosomal dominant) long QT syndrome (LQTS)
ECG Eponym	Jervell and Lange-Nielsen Syndrome (1957) [JERVELL, Anton] [LANGE-NIELSEN, Fred]	ECG Syndrome, JLNS, Congenital (autosomal recessive) long QT syndrome (LQTS) bilateral sensorineural hearing loss
ECG Eponym	Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome (1930) [WOLFF] [PARKINSON] [WHITE]	ECG Syndrome, short P-R, PR interval, paroxysmal tachycardia, pre-excitation, preexcitation
ECG Eponym	Bornholm disease (1930) [SYLVEST, Ejner]	Chest Pain, acute, transient viral myositis associated with Coxsackievirus B. Epidemic Myalgia, pleurodynia
ECG Eponym	Da Costa Syndrome (1871) [DA COSTA, Jacob Mendes]	Chest Pain, Soldiers heart, cardiac neurosis, neurocirculatory asthenia
ECG Exigency	VT or not VT?	VT, BCT, WCT, Brugada criteria, Verekie
ECG Exigency	Metabolic Mayhem	severe hypokalaemia, spironalactone, rhabdomyolysis, ECG, u wave, diabetic ketoacidosis
ECG Exigency	Post-op Pacing Puzzler	pacing, pacemaker, post-op, Mobitz I, Wenckebach, AV block
ECG Exigency	Troubling Tachycardia	bidirectional ventricular tachycardia, Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia, CPVT, digoxin toxicity
ECG Exigency	Flummoxing Familial Fibrillation	congenital, short QT syndrome, SQTS, AF, Atrial fibrillation
ECG Exigency	Sporting Sudden Syncope	RVOT, broad complex tachycardia, BCT, Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Tachycardia, VF, Arrest, Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy, ARVC
ECG Exigency	Subtly Sinister	NSTEMI, inverted U wave,
ECG Exigency	Scary Seizures and Somnolence	tricyclic antidepressant, TCA, Doxepin, QRS broadening, cardiotoxic
ECG Exigency	Marathon related ECG	AIVR, Accelerated idioventricular rhythm, Isorhythmic AV dissociation, Sinus arrhythmia, idioventricular
ECG Exigency	Puzzling Paroxysmal Palpitations	LAD, LBBB, High left ventricular voltage, HLVV, WPW, Broad Complex Tachycardia
ECG Exigency	Risky Rhythms	tachy-brady, AVNRT, flutter, polymorphic VT, VF, torsades de pointes, R on T, Cardioversion
ECG Exigency	Pain free and in VT	LBBB, Wellens, ECG, proximal LAD, occlusion, rate-dependent, inferior ischaemia
ECG Exigency	ECG Exigency	SI QIII TIII, PE, PTE pulmonary embolism, PEA arrest, RBBB, LAD
Curveball	Cardiac Megacode	HOCM, STE, aVR, LMCA, torsades des pointes. TDP
Curveball	Something’s not right…	aortic arch, right sided, diverticulum of Kommerell
Curveball	Intra-aortic Balloon Pump	IABP, CABG, shock, circulatory collapse
Curveball	The Paradoxical Alternative	electrical alternans, ECG, pulsus paradoxus
Curveball	Trouble-Shooting the IABP	Intra-aortic Balloon Pump, Waveform, dicrotic notch
Curveball	DeBakey Dissection	DeBakey, TAA, aortic dissection, CTA
Curveball	Tetraology of Fallot and BT shunts	Tetraology of Fallot, BT shunt, Blalock-Tausig, ToF
Curveball	Pulmonary Embolism	Pulmonary Embolism, PTE, PE, McConnell, thrombolysis, echo
ECG Exigency	Another Widow Maker	LMCA Stenosis, ST elevation in aVR, Left Main Coronary Artery
ECG Exigency	Winter is Coming	anterior AMI, De Winter T waves, LAD stenosis
ECG Exigency	Pacemaker Panic #2	dual chamber AV sequential pacemaker
ECG Basics	ECG Rate Interpretation	Rate, estimate, 25 mm/s, 50 mm/s, 10 mm/s,
ECG Basics	ECG Rhythm Evaluation	ECG Rhythm interpretation, 7 step approach
ECG Basics	ECG Axis interpretation	ECG Axis hexaxial, SUPER SAM, isoelectric lead, quadrant,
ECG Basics	ECG lead positioning	3 lead, 5 lead, 12 lead, electrodes, lead placement
ECG Basics	ECG Exam Template	Template, presentation, formulation, exam, answer
ECG Basics	Wave: P Wave	p-wave, positive deflection, Atrial depolarisation
ECG Basics	Wave: Q Wave	pathological, stemi
ECG Basics	Wave: R wave	Dominant R wave in aVR
ECG Basics	Wave: T wave	camel hump, biphasic, Peaked, Hyperacute, Inverted, Flattened t-waves
ECG Basics	Wave: U wave	NSTEMI, Prinzmetal, Unstable, Inverted, quinidine, hypokalaemia, bradycardia, Prominent U waves
ECG Basics	Wave: J Wave	osborn wave, camel hump sign of Osborn, hypothermic hump, late delta wave, hathook junction, J wave, H wave, K wave
ECG Basics	Wave: Delta wave	WPE, Pre-Excitation Syndrome
ECG Basics	Wave: Epsilon wave	Epsilon wave, arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD), Prolonged S-wave upstroke
ECG Basics	Interval: PR Interval	PR Interval, Prolonged PR
ECG Basics	Interval: PR Segment	P-R Segment, pericarditis, atrial ischaemia, PR-segment depression, TP segment
ECG Basics	Interval: QT Interval	QT Interval, SQTS, LQTS, Segment, Q-T
ECG Basics	Interval: ST Segment	STEMI, ST depression, ST elevation,
ECG Basics	J Point	Interval J-Point,
ECG Basics	QRS Morphology	Interval QRS, broad, narrow
ECG Anatomy	Atrial Enlargement - LEFT	Left Atrial Enlargement, LAE, Left atrial hypertrophy, LAH, left atrial abnormality, bifid P wave, mitrale
ECG Anatomy	Atrial Enlargement - RIGHT	Right Atrial Enlargement, RAE, Right atrial hypertrophy, RAH, right atrial abnormality, p pulmonale
ECG Anatomy	Atrial Enlargement - BIATRIAL	RAH LAH RAE LAE atrial hypertrophy
ECG Basics	Block: Conduction	Conduction block differential
ECG Basics	ECG Differential Diagnosis	ECG Differential Diagnosis
ECG Basics	VT vs SVT	SVT versus VT, SVT vs VT, VT vs SVT, Ventricular tachycardia vs supraventricular tachycardia with aberrancy
ECG Basics	ECG AMI localisation	Myocardial infarction, localization, MI, STEMI
ECG Basics	Paediatric Interpretation	Pediatric paeds, pediat
ECG Diagnosis	Accelerated Idioventricular Rhythm (AIVR)	Accelerated Ventricular Rhythm, Isorhythmic AV dissociation, fusion, capture beat, interference-dissociation
ECG Diagnosis	Accelerated Junctional Rhythm (AJR)	Accelerated Junctional Rhythm
ECG Diagnosis	Anterior Myocardial Infarction STEMI	AMI, STEMI, Anterior, Anterolateral, Tombstone, Ostial LAD, septal STEMI
ECG Diagnosis	Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (ARVC)	Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia, ARVD, Naxos Disease
ECG Diagnosis	Atrial Flutter	Atrial Flutter
ECG Diagnosis	Atrial Fibrillation (AF)	PAF, AF, lone
ECG Diagnosis	Premature Atrial Complex (PAC)	Atrial ectopics, atrial extrasystoles, atrial premature beats, atrial premature depolarisations
ECG Diagnosis	Atrial Tachycardia	Atrial Tachycardia, Paroxysmal Atrial Tachycardia, PAT, AT
ECG Diagnosis	Block: 1st Degree	first Degree AV block, lengthen, long, PR interval
ECG Diagnosis	Block: Mobitz 1 Wenckebach	AV block, second degree, 2nd, Mobitz 1, Wenkebach
ECG Diagnosis	Block: Mobitz 2 Hay	Block: Mobitz 2 Hay
ECG Diagnosis	Block: Fixed Ratio	3:1, 4:1, 2:1 AV Block
ECG Diagnosis	Block: High Grade	2nd degree AV block, 2nd degree heart block, Second degree AV block, 4:1 AV block
ECG Diagnosis	Block: Complete Heart Block (CHB)	CHB, 3rd degree AV block, Third degree heart block
ECG Diagnosis	Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT)	Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT)
ECG Diagnosis	AVNRT (AV-nodal re-entry tachycardia)	AVNRT (AV-nodal re-entry tachycardia)
ECG Diagnosis	Pre-excitation Syndromes	WPW, Wolff,Parkinson, White, LGL, Lown Ganong Levine, AVRT
ECG Diagnosis	Atrial fibrillation/flutter in pre-excitation	WPW, Wolff,Parkinson, White, LGL, Lown Ganong Levine, AVRT
ECG Diagnosis	AVRT (atrioventricular re-entry tachycardia)	AVRT (atrioventricular re-entry tachycardia), orthodromic, antidromic
ECG Diagnosis	Benign Early Repolarisation	BER, J point elevation
ECG Toxicology	Beta Blocker overdose	beta-blocker overdose, betablocker overdose, calcium channel toxicity, sodium channel blockade
ECG Toxicology	Calcium-channel blocker toxicity	beta-blocker overdose, betablocker overdose, calcium channel toxicity, sodium channel blockade
ECG Diagnosis	Bidirectional Ventricular Tachycardia	CPVT, VT, digoxin, aconite, BVT
ECG Diagnosis	Block: Bifascicular Block	Bifascicular Block, RBBB + LAFB, LPFB
ECG Diagnosis	Biventricular Hypertrophy	Biventricular Hypertrophy, Katz-Wachtel phenomenon
ECG Eponym	Brugada Syndrome	SCD, cardiac arrest
ECG Toxicology	Carbamazepine Cardiotoxicity	Carbamazepine Cardiotoxicity
ECG Diagnosis	Dilated Cardiomyopathy	HCM, HOCM, DCM, CM
ECG Diagnosis	Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy	HCM, HOCM, IHSS, Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis
ECG Diagnosis	Restrictive Cardiomyopathy	Restrictive Cardiomyopathy RCM low voltage QRS
ECG Diagnosis	ECG Chronic Lung Disease	CLD, COPD, CAL
ECG Eponym	de Winter T waves (2008) DE WINTER, Robbert J.	STEMI, wave, T-wave, infarction, anterior STEMI equivalent, peaked T waves
ECG Diagnosis	Dextrocardia	Kartagener, situs inversus
ECG Toxicology	Digoxin Effect	Digoxin Effect, Salvador Dali moustache, ST depression, Shortened QT interval
ECG Toxicology	Digoxin Toxicity	Digoxin Toxicity
ECG Diagnosis	Electrical alternans	Electrical alternans, pericardial effusion
ECG Diagnosis	Junctional Escape Rhythm	Junctional Escape Rhythm
ECG Diagnosis	Ventricular Escape Rhythm	Idioventricular escape rhythm
ECG Diagnosis	Idiopathic fascicular ventricular tachycardia	Fascicular tachycardia, Belhassen-type VT, verapamil-sensitive VT or infrafascicular tachycardia
ECG Diagnosis	Fusion Beats	Fusion Beats (Dressler), VT, ventricular tachycardia
ECG Diagnosis	Electrolyte: Hypercalcaemia	Electrolyte: Hypercalcemia
ECG Diagnosis	Electrolyte: Hyperkalaemia	sine wave, Hyperkalaemia
ECG Diagnosis	Hyperthyroidism	Thyroid, high left ventricular voltage, HLVV,
ECG Diagnosis	Electrolyte: Hypocalcaemia	Hypocalcemia, calcium, prolonged QT, QTc
ECG Diagnosis	Electrolyte: Hypokalaemia	Hypokalaemia, u wave, TDP
ECG Diagnosis	Electrolyte: Hypomagnasemia	Hypomagnasaemia, magnesium, MG2+
ECG Diagnosis	Hypothermia	Hypothermia, temperaturre, environmental, osborn wave, shivering
ECG Diagnosis	Hypothyroidism	thyroid, low QRS voltage
ECG Diagnosis	Block: Interventricular Block	QRS widening, broad wide QRS
ECG Diagnosis	Raised Intracranial Pressure	Raised Intracranial Pressure, ICP, SAH, subarachnoid
ECG Diagnosis	R Wave Peak Time RWPT	RBBB, LAFB, SVT vs VT
ECG Diagnosis	Premature Junctional Complex (PJC)	Junctional Ectopics, Junctional Extrasystoles, Junctional Premature Beats, Junctional Premature Depolarisations
ECG Diagnosis	Lateral STEMI	STEMI
ECG Diagnosis	ECG Limb Lead Reversal	ECG Limb Lead Reversal
ECG Diagnosis	Upper Limb Lead reversal	Upper Limb Lead reversal
ECG Diagnosis	Block: Left Anterior Fascicular Block (LAFB)	LAFB, left anterior hemiblock, left anterior hemi-block
ECG Diagnosis	Left Axis Deviation	Left Axis Deviation, LAD
ECG Diagnosis	Block: Left Bundle Branch Block LBBB	William Morrow,
ECG Diagnosis	Sgarbossa Criteria	LBBB STEMI
ECG Diagnosis	Left Main Coronary artery occlusion	AMI, STEMI, LMCA
ECG Diagnosis	Block: Left Posterior Fascicular Block (LPFB)	RAD, qR complex, rS complex, R wave peak time
ECG Diagnosis	Left Ventricular Aneursym	Left Ventricular Aneursym
ECG Diagnosis	Left Ventricular Hypertrophy	LVH
ECG Diagnosis	Low QRS voltage	Low QRS voltage
ECG Diagnosis	ECG Motion Artefact	ECG Motion Artefacts, shiver, hypothermia, CPR, precordial thump
ECG Diagnosis	Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia (MAT)	Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia, Chaotic atrial tachycardia
ECG Diagnosis	Myocardial Ischaemia	Myocardial Ischaemia, ischemia
ECG Diagnosis	Myocarditis	Myocarditis, myopericarditis
ECG Diagnosis	Pacemaker Rhythms	Pacemaker Rhythms
ECG Diagnosis	Pacemaker Malfunction	Pacemaker Malfunction
ECG Diagnosis	Pericarditis	Pericarditis
ECG Diagnosis	Polymorphic VT	Polymorphic VT, ventricular tachycardia, VT, torsades des pointes, tdp,
ECG Diagnosis	Poor R Wave Progression	Poor R Wave Progression, PRWP
ECG Diagnosis	Posterior Myocardial Infarction	Posterior MI, ST depression, flip V2, precordial depression, deep q
ECG Diagnosis	Premature Ventricular Complex (PVC)	ventricular ectopics, ventricular extrasystoles, ventricular premature beats, ventricular premature depolarisations.
ECG Diagnosis	Pulmonary Embolism	Pulmonary Embolism, PE, PTE
ECG Toxicology	Quetiapine Toxicity	sinus tachycardia, Prolonged QTc interval
ECG Diagnosis	Right Axis Deviation	Right Axis Deviation, RAD
ECG Diagnosis	Block: Right Bundle Branch Block (RBBB)	William Morrow, RSR’ pattern, Wide slurred S wave
ECG Diagnosis	Right Ventricular Hypertrophy	RVH
ECG Diagnosis	Right Ventricular Infarction	Myocardial infraction, AMI, STEMI, RV, RVI, Right sided leads, V4r, V1-6r
ECG Diagnosis	Right Ventricular Outflow Tract (RVOT) Tachycardia	Idiopathic VT, Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia, RVOT, ARVD, ARVC
ECG Diagnosis	Right Ventricular Strain	Right Ventricular Strain, RVS, RVH, PE, PTE, ARVC
ECG Diagnosis	Short QT Syndrome	Short QT Syndrome SQTS
ECG Basics	Normal Sinus Rhythm	NSR
ECG Basics	Sinus Arrhythmia	Sinus Arrhythmia
ECG Diagnosis	Sinus Bradycardia	Sinus Bradycardia
ECG Diagnosis	Sinus Node Dysfunction (Sick Sinus Syndrome)	Sinus Node Dysfunction (Sick Sinus Syndrome) sss
ECG Diagnosis	Sinoatrial Exit Block	Sinoatrial Exit Block
ECG Diagnosis	Sinus tachycardia	camel hump, >100 bpm
ECG Toxicology	Overdose: TCA	Overdose: TCA, tricyclic, sodium channel blockade, dominant R avR
ECG Diagnosis	Anterior STEMI	Anterior STEMI, anterolateral, anteroseptal, tombstones
ECG Diagnosis	High lateral STEMI	STEMI, AMI, lateral, reciprocal ST depression, T wave inversion, diagonal branch (D1), South African Flag sign
ECG Diagnosis	Inferior STEMI	STEMI, tombstones, lateral reciprocal, AMI, dominant right coronary artery, RCA, LCx, dominant left circumflex artery
ECG Diagnosis	Tako-Tsubo Cardiomyopathy	broken heart syndrome, octopus pot, Transient akinesis, apical akinesia, Cathecholamine Surge
ECG Diagnosis	Block: Trifascicular Block	Block: Trifascicular Block
ECG Diagnosis	Ventricular Fibrillation	VF, shockable cardiac arrest rhythm, irregular electrical activity, quivering, Chaotic, coarse, fine
ECG Diagnosis	Ventricular Flutter	Extreme Ventricular tachycardia, Sine Wave, identical upside down
ECG Diagnosis	Ventricular Tachycardia	VT, monomorphic, fusion, captire, wide complex, tachyarrhythmia, Josephson
ECG Diagnosis	Wellens Syndrome	biphasic T wave, V2-3, critical stenosis, left anterior descending artery, LAD
Blog Post	Who’s Afraid Of The Big Bad Wolff?	WPW, Pre-Excitation Syndrome
ECG Eponym	Bazett Formula (BAZETT, Henry Cuthbert)	Bazett's formula, QT interval, QTc
ECG Eponym	Osborn Wave (1953) - [OSBORN, John J]	camel hump sign of Osborn, hypothermic hump, late delta wave, hathook junction, J wave, H wave, K wave
ECG Eponym	Fridericia Formula - (FRIDERICIA, Louis Sigurd)	QT interval, QTc
ECG Eponym	First ECG in a human 1887 - WALLER, Augustus Desiré	ECG, Jimmy the dog
ECG Exigency	Diagnosis, Wenckebach Squared?	Wenckebach, AV block, SA, deliberate mistake, SA block
ECG Eponym	Luciani period (1873) - LUCIANI, Luigi	Group beating, second degree, AV block 2nd degree
ECG Eponym	Demonstrated AV block in humans (1873) - GALABIN, Alfred Lewis	ECG, Mobitz AV Block, Mobitz, 2nd degree AV block, atrioventricular block, apexcardiogram
ECG Eponym	Wenckebach Phenomenon (1898) - (WENCKEBACH, Karel Frederik)	ECG, Mobitz AV Block, Mobitz Type I, 2nd degree AV block, atrioventricular block, wenkebach
ECG Diagnosis	Drugs Causing QT Prolongation	QT prolong, QTc, toxicology
ECG Eponym	Lown–Ganong–Levine syndrome (1952) [LOWN, Bernard] [GANONG JR, William Francis] [LEVINE, Samuel Albert]	ECG Syndrome, LGL, AVRT, pre-excitation, accessory conduction pathway, short PR interval
Eponym Murmur	Gibson murmur (1906) [GIBSON, George Alexander]	Murmur, machinery murmur, second left interspace, patent ductus arteriosus, PDA
Eponym Murmur	Key-Hodgkin murmur (1827) [KEY] [HODGKIN]	Murmur, diastolic murmur, aortic regurgitation, saw cutting through wood
Eponym Murmur	Carey Coombs Murmur (1907) [COOMBS, Carey Franklin]	Murmur, mid-diastolic murmur of acute rheumatic mitral valvulitis diastolic
Eponym Murmur	Bruit de Roger (1879) [ROGER, Henri-Louis]	Murmur. VSD, ventricular septal defects
Eponym Murmur	Still's murmur (1909) [STILL, Sir George Frederic]	Murmur, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, vibratory murmur, physiological bruit, benign functional
Eponym Murmur	Cabot–Locke murmur (1903) [CABOT, Richard Clarke] [LOCKE, Edwin Allen]	Murmur, early diastolic murmur, untreated anaemia
Eponym Murmur	Carey Coombs Murmur (1907) [COOMBS, Carey Franklin]	Murmur, mid-diastolic murmur of acute rheumatic mitral valvulitis diastolic
Eponym Murmur	Dock's murmur (1967) [DOCK, William]	Murmur, Early diastolic murmur, severe stenosis of the left anterior descending coronary artery
Eponym Murmur	Graham Steell Murmur (1888) [STEELL, Graham]	Murmur, high pitched early diastolic murmur, pulmonary incompetence, pulmonary hypertension
Eponym Murmur	Austin Flint Murmur (1862) [FLINT, Austin]	Murmur, mid-diastolic aortic regurgitant murmur heard at the apex
Eponym Murmur	Rivero-Carvallo sign and manouver [RIVERO-CARVALLO, José Manuel]	TR, TS, Accentuation, tricuspid stenosis, tricuspid regurgitation
ECG Eponym	Lenègre-Lev disease (1964) [LENEGRE, Jean] [LEV, Maurice]	Acquired CHB, complete heart block
ECG Eponym	Sgarbossa criteria (1996) [SGARBOSSA, Elena B]	LBBB, STEMI, rule, criteria
ECG Eponym	Ashman Phenomenon (1947) [ASHMAN, Richard]	atrial fibrillation, RBBB extra beat, long-short RR
ECG Eponym	Katz-Wachtel phenomenon (1937) [KATZ, Louis Nelson]	BVH, Combined ventricular hypertrophy in infancy, pediatric, VSD, TGA
ECG Eponym	Lewis lead (1913) - LEWIS, Thomas	Lewis Lead, ECG, PQRST
ECG Eponym	Epsilon wave; ARVD; Fontaine ECG leads in 1977 by FONTAINE, Guy Hughes	ARVD, ARVC, epsilon wave, F-ECG, bipolar precordial leads, Fontaine leads

ECG Library Function

LITFL ECG library is a free educational resource covering over 100 ECG topics relevant to Emergency Medicine and Critical Care. All our ECGs are free to reproduce for educational purposes, provided: