Vaginal bleeding – early pregnancy
Vaginal bleeding in early pregnancy is a common problem affecting approximately 25 % of all clinically diagnosed pregnancies. Of these about 50 % will be due to a failed pregnancy.
Year 2023
Vaginal bleeding – non pregnant
Vaginal bleeding can be thought of as pregnancy related or non-pregnancy related. Causes may be primary or abnormal uterine bleeding, or secondary genital tract bleeding
Kleihauer–Betke Test
Laboratory test used to screen maternal blood samples for the presence of foetal red blood cells.
Enno Kleihauer
Enno Kleihauer (1927–2017) was a German paediatrician and haematologist. Kleihauer and Klaus Hermann Betke (1914–2011) described the the Kleihauer-Betke test
Dysmenorrhoea
Dysmenorrhoea (painful menstruation) is a very common condition. Despite the psychosocial impact of this condition, women are frequently reluctant to seek proper medical help.
CT Case 057
An 85-year-old woman presented with central abdominal pain and vomiting. Clinical exam reveals a large tender midline upper abdominal mass, there was suspicion for an epigastric hernia.
Eclampsia
Eclampsia can be defined as the encephalopathic complications of severe or imminent Preeclampsia toxaemia (PET). Eclampsia can occur in the ante-partum, intra-partum or immediate post-partum period.
Cord prolapse
Cord Prolapse is when the umbilical cord lies in front of or beside the presenting part in the presence of ruptured membranes.
Rhesus D Immunoglobulin
Amniotic Fluid Embolism is a rare catastrophic condition that occurs during labour, delivery or shortly after delivery. It is also known by the terminology of anaphylactoid syndrome of pregnancy.
POCUS Made Easy: Renal
The Renal Ultrasound Exam is used in the Emergency Department in the assessment of suspected renal colic.
Hypercalcaemia DDx
Hypercalcaemia: Nature: Bones, stones, groans and psychic moans. Usually associated with increased calcium release form bones and impaired renal removal and malignancy
CT Case 056
A 40-year-old female presents with fever, pleuritic chest pain and abdominal pain. She is too unwell to provide a history when she first arrives.