Snellen chart
Snellen chart: history of visual acuity testing from Hooke to ETDRS, with key milestones, optotype design, and contributions from Snellen, Donders, Sloan
Tag Snellen chart
Franciscus Donders
Franciscus Donders (1818–1889), Dutch ophthalmologist and physiologist, pioneered refraction studies, eye movement laws, and mental chronometry
Heinrich Küchler
Heinrich Küchler (1811–1873): German ophthalmologist who pioneered early eye charts, advanced corneal surgery, and reformed medical and military health services
Eduard Jaeger
Eduard Jaeger (1818–1884), Austrian ophthalmologist; introduced Jaeger Test-Types, advanced ophthalmoscopy, and first described diabetic retinopathy
Louise Sloan
Louise L. Sloan (1898–1982) developed Sloan optotypes (LogMAR), pioneering colour vision screening, perimetry, and low-vision rehabilitation
Herman Snellen
Herman Snellen (1834–1908): Dutch ophthalmologist who created the Snellen chart and standardized visual acuity testing, transforming eye care worldwide