Urine Colour
Normally, urine is some shade of yellow with acid urine usually a darker colour than alkaline urine. Pathologically, it may be any colour.
Category Investigations
Right Ventricular Function and Echo
Right Ventricular Function and Haemodynamic Assessment Echocardiography
ICE008: ABG Puzzler
A femoral arterial blood gas sample is obtained from a 41 year old man...obtained when the barometric pressure was 272mmHg and the PiO2 47mmHg
ICE 007: Abdominal pain investigations
A 57 year old man presents to the ED with 18 hours of severe upper abdominal pain, fever, nausea and vomiting. He looks jaundiced, his HR is 120bpm, BP 110/60, RR 22 and his temperature is 37.8oC. He is tender and guarded in his right upper quadrant on abdominal palpation.
Hyponatraemia CCC
Exercise-associated Hyponatremia HYPOnatremia Interpretation Seizures, hyponatremia and ADH Cause of HYPOnatraemia Definition: Serum sodium <130mEq/l Cause: Excess of Water relative to Sodium Affects: 1% of hospital population Hypovolemic (Na deficit in xs of water deficit) (test urine sodium) RENAL (urinary…
Hypernatraemia CCC
Water loss in excess of salt deficit. Hypernatremia is usually due to insufficient water (primarily in patients who either do not experience thirst normally, or cannot act on it). Hypernatraemia occurs less commonly associated with excess salt
Abnormal LFTs Post Vascular Surgery
CAUSES pre-existing liver disease (+/- exacerbation) drug induced (paracetamol, statins, amiodarone, antibiotics, NSAIDs, beta-blockers, ranitidine, volatiles) ischaemic (post clamping above hepatic artery, thrombosis, embolic, hypotension) surgical injury nutrition (TPN, EN) acalculous cholecystitis transfusion related hepatitis ASSESSMENT History pre-operative liver function…
SIADH
Syndrome Of Inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH) is hyponatraemia due to an increase in concentration of ADH inappropriate to the current osmotic or volume status. The differential diagnosis includes ADH analogues
Hypokalaemia
Hypokalaemia: the most common electrolyte abnormality in hospitalised patients; mostly caused by drugs and GI disease
Hypocalcaemia
Hypocalcaemia: Reduced intake; redistribution and increased output
Hyperkalaemia Management
Hyperkalaemia is a life-threatening emergency. Basic overview of hyperkalemia management
Hypercalcaemia
Ca2+ exists in the extracellular plasma two states: (1) free ionized state and (2) bound to other molecules (mostly albumin, rest – beta-globulins, phosphate, citrate)
ionized Ca2+ concentration is inversely related to pH -> an increase in pH results in a decrease in ionized Ca2+