Hyperkalaemia Management
Hyperkalaemia is a life-threatening emergency. Basic overview of hyperkalemia management
Category Investigations
Hypercalcaemia
Ca2+ exists in the extracellular plasma two states: (1) free ionized state and (2) bound to other molecules (mostly albumin, rest – beta-globulins, phosphate, citrate)
ionized Ca2+ concentration is inversely related to pH -> an increase in pH results in a decrease in ionized Ca2+
Non-invasive Blood Pressure
non-invasive blood pressure measurement involves the application of a pressure cuff and can be performed manually (listening for Korotkoff sounds as the pressure is released
Isolated Elevated APTT
Isolated Elevated APTT
Shunts and Echocardiography
OVERVIEW can use bubble testing to ID calculate gradients if L->R shunt reverses due to pulmonary hypertension it is Eisenmenger syndrome Echo may not detect extra-cardiac shunts ASD patent foramen ovale (30% incidence in general population) ostium secundum ostium primum…
Transoesophageal Echocardiography
Transoesophageal Echocardiography: allow real time anatomical and physiological assessment of cardiac status; probes (single, bi, omiplane and epivascular)
Mitral Stenosis Echocardiography
Mitral Stenosis Echocardiography
Transthoracic Echocardiography
Transthoracic Echocardiography (TTE) Increasing useful bedside test with increasing role in critical care; position marker on right
Pulmonary Hypertension Echocardiography
Pulmonary hypertension is present when mean pulmonary artery pressure exceeds 25 mm Hg at rest or 30 mm Hg with exercise.
Thyroid Function Tests
Thyroid Function Tests and basic interpretation
Bilirubin and Jaundice
Bilirubin and Jaundice. Investigations and analysis of conjugated bilirubin, unconjugated bilirubin, urobilinogen and bilirubinuria
Pleural Fluid Analysis
A pleural effusion is a collection of fluid in the pleural space. Review of basic Pleural Fluid Analysis