Murmurs and Valve Lesions
Description of auscultatory findings of heart murmurs and valve disease and valvular lesions
Category Medical Specialty
Lown-Ganong-Levine Syndrome
Lown–Ganong–Levine syndrome (LGL): Proposed pre-excitation syndrome. Accessory pathway composed of James fibres. Characteristic ECG findings of short PR interval (<120ms); normal P wave axis; normal/narrow QRS morphology in the presence of paroxysmal tachyarrhythmias
Long QT Syndrome
Long QT Syndrome (LQTS) produces prolonged ventricular repolarisation -> predisposes to malignant ventricular arrhythmias
Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction (LVOTO)
Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction (LVOTO) and systolic anterior motion (SAM) of the mitral valve
Junctional Ectopic Tachycardia
Junctional Ectopic Tachycardia: rare; congenital or post surgery for congenital heart disease; abnormal automaticity within the His bundle; high mortality rate (35%)
Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators (ICDs)
Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators (ICDs): implantable device defibrillator +/- pacemaker (counter shock vector is from RV -> both SVC)
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is one of the most common inherited cardiac disorders (affecting ~ 1 in 500 people) and is the number one cause of sudden cardiac death in young athletes. Annual mortality is estimated at 1-2 %.
Heart Transplant Patient
Criteria for heart transplant recipient
Heart Failure Literature Summaries
Follath F, et al; Steering Committee and Investigators of the Levosimendan Infusion versus Dobutamine (LIDO) Study. Efficacy and safety of intravenous levosimendan compared with dobutamine in severe low-output heart failure (the LIDO study): a randomised double-blind trial. Lancet. 2002 Jul…
Heart Block and Conduction Abnormalities
Heart Block and Conduction Abnormalities with first, second, third degree blocks; and fascicular blocks
Nasal intubation
nasal intubation may be performed blind or with fiberoptic assistance. Indicated when oral intubation is not feasible
Cardiac Output
Cardiac Output (CO) = Stroke Volume (SV) x Heart rate (HR) CO = SV x HR changes based on exercise, age and body size. normal adult = 5L/min Stroke Volume (SV) determined by: Preload Afterload Contractility