Liddle Syndrome
Liddle Syndrome: Monogenic hypertension due to ENaC overactivity in the collecting duct. Causes sodium retention, hypokalaemia, low renin and aldosterone—pseudo-aldosteronism.
Category LITFL
Grant Liddle
Grant Winder Liddle (1921-1989) American endocrinologist. Pioneer of endocrine diagnostics; discovered Liddle syndrome, developed suppression tests, and defined ectopic ACTH
Gitelman Syndrome
Gitelman Syndrome: Inherited defect in Na⁺-Cl⁻ cotransport in the distal tubule, causing hypokalaemia, alkalosis, hypomagnesaemia, and hypocalciuria—thiazide-like effect.
Hillel J. Gitelman
Hillel J. Gitelman (1932–2014) American nephrologist. Described Gitelman syndrome, a renal tubulopathy mimicking thiazide effect with hypokalaemia and hypomagnesaemia.
Schwartz–Bartter syndrome
Schwartz-Bartter Syndrome (SIADH): Excess ADH leads to water retention and dilutional hyponatraemia, with low serum sodium and osmolality but inappropriately concentrated urine.
Bartter Syndrome
Bartter Syndrome: Renal tubulopathy with hypokalaemic alkalosis, high renin and aldosterone, normal BP, and polyuria—mimics loop diuretic effect at the thick ascending limb.
Frederic Bartter
Frederic Crosby Bartter (1914–1983) American endocrinologist. Defined Bartter syndrome, co-described SIADH, and advanced adrenal and renal physiology.
Crawford W. Long
Crawford W. Long (1815–1878), American physician who first used sulphuric ether for surgical anaesthesia on March 30, 1842
Augustus Desiré Waller
Augustus Desiré Waller (1856–1922) was a British physiologist who recorded the first human electrocardiogram (ECG) in 1887. His work laid the foundation for modern electrocardiography and inspired Willem Einthoven’s innovations.
LITFL Update 078
Update 078. Sending you FOAMed content from around the globe. Latest trends and best articles so that you stay top of your field.
History of laryngoscopy (1743–1896)
Early laryngoscopy: illumination, mirrors and the first direct view Year Person / instrument Historical contribution and significance 1743 André Levret (1703–1780) Developed a reflective speculum used in the examination and removal of nasal and pharyngeal polyps. Precursor to indirect laryngoscopy,…
History of laryngoscopy (1967–2010)
Fibreoptics, difficult-airway blades and video laryngoscopy Year Person / instrument Historical contribution and significance 1967–1968 Shigeto Ikeda; Calder and Murphy Development of flexible fibreoptic bronchoscopy and early fibreoptic-assisted tracheal intubation. The instrument-development and first clinical-intubation claims need to be distinguished.…
