Data Distributions
Data can be described by different distributions, which has implications for how the data is analysed using statistical methods
Fisher’s Exact Test
Fisher's Exact Test is to compare categorical data; more complicated to perform than the Chi square test; only generally applicable in 2 x 2 contingency table
Hazard Ratio, Median Ratio and Kaplan-Meier Curves
Time-to-event curves analyzed by Cox proportional hazards regression are useful for analysing events occurring over time; uses all available information, including patients who fail to follow up or reach the endpoint (censored data)
ICU Outcomes
Outcome measures are important for research and quality control; clinically meaningful outcomes measure how patients feel, function or survive, e.g. mortality, quality of life
Intention to treat analysis
Intention to treat (ITT) analysis means all patients who were enrolled and randomly allocated to treatment are included in the analysis and are analysed in the groups to which they were randomized
Measures of Variability
Measures if variability describe the average dispersion of data around a mean; most common = range, standard deviation and the standard error of the mean
Meta-analysis and Systematic Review
Meta-analysis is a tool for quantitative systematic review of observational studies and controlled trials that weights available evidence based on the numbers of patients included, the effect size, and often statistical tests of agreement with other trials
Phases of Clinical Research
Phases of clinical research are the steps taken to gather evidence to determine whether a novel intervention or treatment is safe and effective for clinical use
Propensity Score Analysis
Propensity analysis refers to statistical methods used to control for treatment selection bias in observational studies
Thoracic Trauma
Assessment of thoracic trauma requires the identification of immediately life-threatening injuries on primary survey, and delayed life threats on secondary survey.
Spinal Cord Anatomy and Syndromes
Spinal Cord Anatomy and Syndromes
Inhalation Injury
Inhalation Injury: 20% in burn patients; 60% in burns patients with central facial burns; causes a massive increase in mortality