Metabolic Alkalosis Evaluation
Evaluation of causes of metabolic alkalosis requires a systematic approach involving history, examination and some specific investigations.
Metabolic Acidosis
a metabolic acidosis is an abnormal primary process or condition leading to an increase in fixed acids in the blood -> resulting in a fall in arterial plasma bicarbonate
Post-intubation care
Post-intubation care: key steps in patient care following intubation
Metabolic Acidosis Evaluation
A metabolic acidosis is a process which, if uncorrected, would lead to an acidaemia. It is usually associated with a low bicarbonate concentration (or total CO2), but an acidosis may be masked by a co-existing metabolic alkalosis.
Lactic Acidosis Evaluation
increased lactate production (including enhanced pyruvate production, reduced pyruvate conversion to CO2 & water or glucose, or preferential conversion of pyruvate to lactate)
Ketoacidosis
Ketoacidosis is a high anion gap metabolic acidosis due to an excessive blood concentration of ketone bodies (keto-anions).
Delta Ratio
Delta Ratio = the increase in Anion Gap / the decrease in HCO3-. if one molecule of metabolic acid (HA) is added to the ECF and dissociates, the one H+ released will react with one molecule of HCO3- to produce CO2 and H2O (buffering).
Paralytics for Intubation of the Critically Ill
Paralytics for Intubation of the Critically Ill. should suxamethonium or rocuronium be used for rapid sequence intubation? is a neuromuscular blocker even necessary for intubation of the critically ill? (facilitated or sedation only intubation)
Base Excess vs Standard Base Excess
Base excess is dose of acid or alkali to return in vitro blood to normal pH (7.40) under standard conditions ( at 37C at a PCO2 of 40 mm Hg). Standard base excess is dose of acid or alkali to return the ECF to normal pH (7.40) under standard conditions ( at 37C at a PCO2 of 40 mm Hg)
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Management
The management of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is focused on the prevention of secondary injury
Nasal intubation
nasal intubation may be performed blind or with fiberoptic assistance. Indicated when oral intubation is not feasible
Cardiac Output
Cardiac Output (CO) = Stroke Volume (SV) x Heart rate (HR) CO = SV x HR changes based on exercise, age and body size. normal adult = 5L/min Stroke Volume (SV) determined by: Preload Afterload Contractility