Jan Evangelista Purkinje
Jan Evangelista Purkyně (1787–1869), pioneering physiologist whose discoveries in vision, neurology, and cardiology shaped modern medical science
Tag ophthalmoscope
Ernst Brücke
Ernst von Brücke (1819–1892) described the eye’s red reflex, paving the way for Helmholtz’s ophthalmoscope and modern retinal examination
William Cumming
William Cumming (1822–1855), Moorfields surgeon who first observed the living eye’s luminous reflex, paving the way for Helmholtz’s ophthalmoscope.
History of the Ophthalmoscope
From ancient “cat’s‑eye” reflections to AI‑assisted retinal imaging: the story of the ophthalmoscope from Helmholtz’s 1851 Augenspiegel to digital, confocal and smartphone‑based system
Hermann von Helmholtz
Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (1821-1894) was a German physician, physicist, and polymath. Inventor of the ophthalmoscope
Adolph Kussmaul
Adolph Kussmaul (Adolf Kußmaul) (1822 – 1902) was a German physician. Eponym Kussmaul breathing in Diabetic ketoacidosis (1874)