August Bier
August Karl Gustav Bier (1861-1949) German Surgeon. Used Esmarch tourniquet forming the basis of his eponymous Bier block regional anaesthesia
Tag self-experimentation
Carl Koller
Carl (Karl) Koller (1857–1944), Austrian ophthalmologist who introduced cocaine as the first practical local anaesthetic in 1884, transforming surgery and enabling regional and neuraxial anaesthesia.
James Marion Sims
American gynecologist James Marion Sims (1813-1883) pioneered vesicovaginal fistula surgery but remains controversial for non-consensual experiments on enslaved women.
William Halsted
William Halsted (1852–1922), pioneering American surgeon, revolutionized surgery with aseptic technique, anesthesia, gloves, and the residency training model.
Charles Bertrand
Charles AHA Bertrand (1777-1849) was a French physician; Least recognised for his self-experimentation with charcoal as an antidote for ingested poisonings.