Echo basics: Aortic Regurgitation
Understand and identify aortic regurgitation. Learn how to identify and grade aortic regurgitation gradient using measurements and visual clues and quantify aortic regurgitation.
Category Cardiology
Echo basics: Aortic Stenosis
Understand and identify aortic stenosis. Learn how to measure an accurate aortic valve gradient and calculate the aortic valve area. Be able to diagnose low-flow states and paradoxical low flow
Echo basics: Aortic Valve
Echo basics: Aortic Valve. A normal aortic valve is trileaflet, with equally sized cusps that are supported by a fibrous annulus and separated by three commissures.
Echo basics: Mitral Stenosis
Echocardiography basics. Grading and quantifying mitral stenosis (MS) with planimetry, pulsed wave Doppler, PHT and Continuity Equation Method
Echo basics: Mitral Regurgitation
Mitral regurgitation (MR) is a common pathology detected during echocardiography. Accurate identification and grading rely heavily on colour and spectral Doppler imaging across multiple standard views.
Thomas Lewis
Pioneer of clinical cardiac electrophysiology, Sir Thomas Lewis (1881–1945) advanced ECG use, defined effort syndrome, and discovered the Lewis Triple Response.
Lenègre-Lev disease
Acquired fibrous degeneration of the left and right bundle branches, eventually manifesting as permanent complete atrioventricular (AV) dissociation with cardiac pauses and Adams-Stokes attacks
Echo basics: Mitral Valve
The mitral valve is a dominant structure in most standard echocardiographic views. Understanding its anatomy in each window is essential for accurate assessment.
Jean Lenègre
Jean Lenègre (1904–1972), French cardiologist, defined Lenègre’s disease and pioneered cardiac electrophysiology, catheterization, and bundle branch pathology
Maurice Lev
Maurice Lev (1908–1994), pathologist and teacher, defined Lev’s disease and advanced cardiac conduction and congenital heart pathology through over 500 publications
Stokes-Adams syndrome
Stokes-Adams syndrome is an abrupt, transient loss of consciousness due to a sudden but pronounced decrease in the cardiac output
Robert Adams
Robert Adams (1791–1875), Dublin physician, first described Adams–Stokes syndrome and pioneered clinical-pathological correlation in heart disease