Bias in Research
Bias is the systematic distortion of the estimated intervention effect away from the "truth", caused by inadequacies in the design, conduct, or analysis of a trial
Incidence and prevalence
Incidence = number of individuals who develop a disease in a given period of time. Prevalence = the current number of cases in a given population
Linear regression and Correlation
Linear regression and correlation used to compare the relationship between two variables where the relationship appears to be continuous (e.g. tachycardia and blood loss)
Levels and Grades of Evidence
Different systems of categorising the quality of evidence, and individual studies, have been developed; primarily used in evidence-based clinical guidelines
Measures of Central Tendency
Measures of Central Tendency; these indices allow a sample or population to be summarised using a single value.
Odds ratio
An odds ratio (OR) is a measure of association between an exposure and an outcome. The OR represents the odds that an outcome will occur given a particular exposure, compared to the odds of the outcome occurring in the absence of that exposure.
Power and Sample Size
It is unethical and a waste of time and resources to embark on a study when there is a high chance of a false negative result (Type II error). The commonest cause of this is having a sample size that is too small
Qualitative Data Types and Tests
Qualitative data consists of categorical measurements determined by description rather than a numerical measurement
Obesity and Trauma
Reviewed and revised 26 October 2016 OVERVIEW Obesity has significant implications for the assessment, management, and outcomes of trauma The relationship between obesity and negative outcome from injury has been controversial INJURY PATTERNS Obese patients tend to have lower overall…
Initial Trauma Assessment
Initial Trauma Assessment: ATLS approach
Fat Embolism Syndrome
A syndrome caused by systemic embolisation of fat globules released into the circulation following trauma or surgical procedures
Facial Trauma
Those with facial injuries have a high chance of having other serious injuries: TBI; airway obstruction; pulmonary contusion; aspiration