Saint’s Triad
Saint’s Triad: coexistence of hiatal hernia, colonic diverticulosis, and gallstones—now linked to connective tissue disorders like herniosis.
Category LITFL
Charles Saint
Charles FM Saint (1886–1973), pioneer of South African surgery, identified Saint’s triad and shaped generations through surgical teaching and aphorisms.
Horner Syndrome
Horner syndrome is associated with an interruption to the sympathetic nerve supply of the eye. It is characterized by the classic triad of miosis, partial ptosis, and anhidrosis +/- enophthalmos
Hickam’s Dictum
Hickam’s Dictum reminds clinicians that patients may have multiple diseases, challenging Occam’s Razor in diagnostic reasoning and medical education.
John Hickam
John B. Hickam (1914–1970), physician and educator, led IU’s Dept of Medicine and inspired “Hickam’s dictum” challenging diagnostic simplicity.
Jerome W. Conn
Jerome W. Conn (1907–1994) American endocrinologist. Described Conn syndrome (primary aldosteronism), transforming the diagnosis of hypertension.
AF Stanley Kent
A. F. Stanley Kent (1863–1958), cardiac physiologist; 'bundle of Kent', shaped early electrophysiology; pioneered industrial fatigue science
Frieda Robscheit-Robbins
Frieda Robscheit-Robbins (1888–1973), pioneering pathologist who advanced aneamia research, yet was overlooked for the 1934 Nobel despite major contributions.
Bartter Syndrome
Bartter Syndrome: Renal tubulopathy with hypokalaemic alkalosis, high renin and aldosterone, normal BP, and polyuria—mimics loop diuretic effect at the thick ascending limb.
Schwartz–Bartter syndrome
Schwartz-Bartter Syndrome (SIADH): Excess ADH leads to water retention and dilutional hyponatraemia, with low serum sodium and osmolality but inappropriately concentrated urine.
Gitelman Syndrome
Gitelman Syndrome: Inherited defect in Na⁺-Cl⁻ cotransport in the distal tubule, causing hypokalaemia, alkalosis, hypomagnesaemia, and hypocalciuria—thiazide-like effect.
Liddle Syndrome
Liddle Syndrome: Monogenic hypertension due to ENaC overactivity in the collecting duct. Causes sodium retention, hypokalaemia, low renin and aldosterone—pseudo-aldosteronism.