Standard Precautions
Previously known by various names including "universal precautions", standard precautions are designed to reduce the risk of microorganism transfer from both recognised and unrecognised sources to a susceptible host.
Urosepsis
Urosepsis is a severe infection, distinguishing it from other urinary tract infections including mild pyelonephritis and accounts for ~5% of severe sepsis; whereas UTIs account for ~40% of nosocomial infections
Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus (VRE)
Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus (VRE) are important nosocomial pathogens for which there are limited treatment options. Vancomycin resistance in enterococci was first reported by Uttley and colleagues in 1988
Varicella Zoster
Varicella Zoster VZV = an alpha herpes virus; 90% of adults have evidence of infection; spread via droplet excreted from the throat of patients with chicken pox OR via contact with vesicle fluid in chicken pox or shingles.
Vibrio infection
OVERVIEW organisms: Vibrio vulnificus and other species CLINICAL FEATURES tropical environments sea water borne cut to skin -> cellulitis -> necrotizing cellulitis profound multi-organ failure RISK FACTORS raw oyster consumption liver disease iron overload INVESTIGATIONS tissue culture blood cultures MANAGEMENT…
Léon Clément Le Fort
Léon Clément Le Fort (1829 – 1893) was a French surgeon. Eponym: Wagstaffe-Le Fort fracture (1886); Le Fort Operation for uterine prolapse; Le Fort amputation; Le Fort Male Catheter; and Le Fort sound. Godfather of FOAM 'Liberté de l'enseignement'
Waterborne Diseases
Waterborne Disease: major killer of the paediatric patient in the developed world
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an environmental global emerging Gram-negative MDRO that is most commonly associated with respiratory infections in humans
Spinal epidural abscess
Spinal epidural abscess is considered a neurosurgical emergency; morbidity and mortality is worse with delayed diagnosis, and the worse the neurological deficit at the time of surgery the worse the outcome
Abdominal X-ray and CT
Abdominal X-ray: AXR; Bowel obstruction; Sigmoid volvulus; Caecal volvulus; Bowel perforation
Arterial blood gas (ABG)
Arterial blood gas (ABG) is used to determine the adequacy of oxygenation and ventilation, assess respiratory function and determine the acid–base balance.
Ascitic Fluid
OVERVIEW classified according to serum-ascites albumin gradient (SAAG) CAUSES High SAAG (“transudate”) cirrhosis, hepatic failure, hepatic venous occlusion, constrictive pericarditis, kwashiorkor, cardiac failure, alcoholic hepatitis, liver metastasis Low SSAG (“exudate”) malignancy, infection (bacterial, fungal, Tb), pancreatitis, nephrotic syndrome, bowel obstruction…