Echo basics: Prosthetic Valve
Understand and identify prosthetic valves. Learn what can go wrong with prosthetic valves; how to assess their function and examine transcatheter valves
Category Medical Specialty
Manfred Sakel
Manfred J. Sakel (1900–1957), Austrian neuropsychiatrist, pioneered insulin coma therapy—an early somatic treatment for schizophrenia, now obsolete
History of Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): history, pioneers, modern use, efficacy, and controversy, one of psychiatry’s most enduring treatments.
Ladislas Meduna
Ladislas J. Meduna (1896–1964), pioneer of convulsive therapy, explored epilepsy-schizophrenia antagonism, CO₂ therapy, and oneirophrenia in psychiatry.
Mary Walker
Mary Broadfoot Walker (1888 - 1974) was a Scottish physician. Mary Walker effect (1934); neostigmine and myasthenia gravis
Henry Koplik
Henry Koplik (1858–1927), American pediatrician, discovered Koplik’s spots—an early diagnostic sign of measles—and pioneered infant health reform
Koplik Spots
Koplik spots are pathognomonic buccal lesions in early measles, first described by Henry Koplik in 1896, aiding pre-rash diagnosis and outbreak control.
Sir William Stokes (surgeon)
Sir William Stokes (1839–1900), Irish surgeon and son of William Stokes, pioneered surgical techniques and served as RCSI professor and Queen Victoria’s surgeon
Jeremy Swan
Jeremy Swan (1922–2005), Irish-born cardiologist, co-invented the Swan-Ganz catheter and led advances in cardiac catheterisation and haemodynamic monitoring
Frederick Forchheimer
Frederick Forchheimer (1853–1913), U.S. paediatrician and educator, described Forchheimer spots and published landmark internal medicine textbooks
Echo basics: Pulmonary Valve
Understand and identify the pulmonary valve. Learn how to identify and grade pulmonary regurgitation and quantify pulmonary stenosis. Basic management of pulmonary valve dysfunction.
Nil Filatov
Nil Filatov (1847–1902), founder of Russian paediatrics, described key signs in measles, rubella, and mononucleosis; led Moscow’s first children’s hospital.