Category Medical Specialty
Echocardiography LITFL ECHO

Echo basics: Aortic Regurgitation

Understand and identify aortic regurgitation. Learn how to identify and grade aortic regurgitation gradient using measurements and visual clues and quantify aortic regurgitation.

Echocardiography LITFL ECHO

Echo basics: Aortic Stenosis

Understand and identify aortic stenosis. Learn how to measure an accurate aortic valve gradient and calculate the aortic valve area. Be able to diagnose low-flow states and paradoxical low flow

Owen Conor Ward (1923-2021) 680

Owen C. Ward

Owen Conor Ward (1923–2021), Irish paediatric cardiologist, co-described Romano-Ward syndrome; pioneer of children’s cardiac care and medical historian

Cesarino Romano (1924-2008) 680

Cesarino Romano

Cesarino Romano (1924–2008), Italian paediatrician, co-described Romano-Ward syndrome; led advances in cystic fibrosis, metabolic screening, and emergency care.

Fred Lange-Nielsen (1919-1989) 680

Fred Lange-Nielsen

Norwegian internist Fred Lange-Nielsen (1919–1989), co-discoverer of Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome, was a lung specialist, allergy pioneer, jazz musician, and human rights advocate.

Anton Jervell (1901-1987) 680

Anton Jervell

Anton Jervell (1901–1987), Norwegian cardiologist and medical educator; co-described Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome, pioneer of ECG research and cardiac electrophysiology in Norway.

Neurology 101 680

Neuro 101: Peripheral Nervous System

Neuro 101: anatomy of the peripheral nervous system, localisation of nerve injuries, pathology affecting peripheral nerves, the brachial and lumbosacral plexuses, peripheral nerve examination, common peripheral neuropathies, and diseases affecting the neuromuscular junction.

Echocardiography LITFL ECHO

Echo basics: Aortic Valve

Echo basics: Aortic Valve. A normal aortic valve is trileaflet, with equally sized cusps that are supported by a fibrous annulus and separated by three commissures.

Thomas Kennedy Dalziel (1861–1924) 680

T. Kennedy Dalziel

Scottish surgeon T.K. Dalziel (1861–1924) early description of Crohn’s disease, led children’s surgery in Glasgow, and was knighted for WWI medical service.