Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie (1783-1862) 680
Benjamin Brodie

Sir Benjamin Brodie (1783–1862), English surgeon; pioneer in joint disease, Brodie’s abscess, medical ethics, and surgical education reform.

Manfred Joshua Sakel (1900-1957)
Manfred Sakel

Manfred J. Sakel (1900–1957), Austrian neuropsychiatrist, pioneered insulin coma therapy—an early somatic treatment for schizophrenia, now obsolete

Ugo Cerletti (1877-1963) 680
Ugo Cerletti

Ugo Cerletti (1877–1963), Italian neuropsychiatrist, pioneered ECT with Lucio Bini in 1938, reshaping psychiatric care and inspiring early biological psychiatry.

Lucio Bini (1908–1964) 680
Lucio Bini

Lucio Bini (1908–1964), co-inventor of electroconvulsive therapy, pioneered psychiatric innovation but faced marginalization in later years.

Ladislas Joseph Meduna (1896-1964) 1680
Ladislas Meduna

Ladislas J. Meduna (1896–1964), pioneer of convulsive therapy, explored epilepsy-schizophrenia antagonism, CO₂ therapy, and oneirophrenia in psychiatry.