Prokinetics are agents that increase gastrointestinal motility. Gastroparesis common -> increased gastric residual volumes -> GORD, aspiration risk and inability to meet nutrition targets. Theoretically, an increase in gastric motility helps in establishing target enteral feeds early in critically ill patients, which improves outcome
Refeeding Syndrome = a group of clinical findings that occur in severely malnourished individuals undergoing nutritional support.
Starvation response: adaptive hypometabolic state; unlike most other species, human brains can also use ketones as fuel, so muscle (i.e. protein) can be relatively spared in favour of fat as the primary energy fuel during prolonged starvation
Rest = basal metabolic rate + minimal exercise. Major stress = 50% burn. The body's goal is to preserve plasma glucose levels for brain metabolism.
John Birkett (1815-1904) was an English general surgeon.
Bispectral Index (BIS) Monitoring: BIS monitor was developed by Aspect Medical Systems; BIS = bispectral index; other 'depth of anaesthesia' monitors exist (e.g. Entropy)
Reviewed and revised 27 December 2013 OVERVIEW MECHANISM OF CARBON MONOXIDE TOXICITY Effects of CO toxicity include those of acute hypoxia as well as delayed neurological sequelae, that are more prominent with chronic exposure RATIONALE FOR HYPERBARIC OXYGEN THERAPY CO…
Isoniazid toxicity, like other hydrazines, primarily cause life-threatening seizures and lactic acidosis through depletion of vitamin B6. The antidote is pyridoxine
Acute Paracetamol Toxicity: following overdose glucuronidation and sulphation pathways are rapidly saturated -> increased metabolism to NAPQI (N-acetyl-P-benzoquineimine); glutathione is required to inactivate NAPQI and when levels depleted -> hepatocellular death takes place
Liver Failure in Toxicology common agents: paracetamol; iron; idiosyncratic; illicit and herbal; alcohol
MRI Head: T2 (transverse relaxation time constant) = water/CSF is white. T1 (longitudinal relaxation time constant) = water/CSF is black
Chest X-ray interpretation