ECG Case 044

There is sinus rhythm with complete heart block:

• Normal P waves (upright in II, inverted in aVR) are present at a rate of ~ 85 bpm.
• There is no relationship between the P waves and QRS complexes — the PR intervals vary randomly.
• A ventricular escape rhythm is present at ~ 36 bpm.

The broad QRS complexes, RBBB morphology and left axis deviation (resembling trifascicular block) indicate a ventricular escape rhythm arising in the left posterior fascicle. Note how the QRS axis and morphology have changed significantly from ECG Quiz 043.

This patient had complete heart block due to cardiac sarcoidosis.

Sarcoidosis should always be considered as a differential diagnosis in younger patients presenting with complete heart block, particularly if other manifestations of sarcoidosis are present such as bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy or cutaneous lesions (erythema nodosum, lupus pernio).

One of the most common reversible causes of complete heart block is severe hyperkalaemia — always get an urgent K+ (e.g. run a VBG) on patients presenting with CHB. You look a bit silly inserting an unnecessary pacing wire when you could have corrected the problem with some calcium gluconate!

Causes of Complete Heart Block

• AV nodal blocking drugs (e.g.calcium-channel blockers, beta-blockers, digoxin)
• Severe hyperkalaemia.
• Inferior myocardial infarction — due to increased vagal tone. 
• Anterior myocardial infarction — due to septal necrosis.
• Idiopathic fibrosis of the conducting system (Lenègre-Lev disease)
• Cardiac surgery (especially surgery occurring close to the septum, e.g. mitral valve repair)
• Infiltrative myocardial disease (amyloidosis, haemochromatosis, sarcoidosis).
• Inflammatory conditions (rheumatic fever, myocarditis, Lyme disease).
• Autoimmune (SLE, systemic sclerosis).