Ernst Brücke
Ernst von Brücke (1819–1892) described the eye’s red reflex, paving the way for Helmholtz’s ophthalmoscope and modern retinal examination
Franciscus Donders
Franciscus Donders (1818–1889), Dutch ophthalmologist and physiologist, pioneered refraction studies, eye movement laws, and mental chronometry
William Cumming
William Cumming (1822–1855), Moorfields surgeon who first observed the living eye’s luminous reflex, paving the way for Helmholtz’s ophthalmoscope.
Heinrich Küchler
Heinrich Küchler (1811–1873): German ophthalmologist who pioneered early eye charts, advanced corneal surgery, and reformed medical and military health services
Eduard Jaeger
Eduard Jaeger (1818–1884), Austrian ophthalmologist; introduced Jaeger Test-Types, advanced ophthalmoscopy, and first described diabetic retinopathy
History of the Ophthalmoscope
From ancient “cat’s‑eye” reflections to AI‑assisted retinal imaging: the story of the ophthalmoscope from Helmholtz’s 1851 Augenspiegel to digital, confocal and smartphone‑based system
Louise Sloan
Louise L. Sloan (1898–1982) developed Sloan optotypes (LogMAR), pioneering colour vision screening, perimetry, and low-vision rehabilitation
Barlow syndrome
Barlow syndrome (primary billowing mitral leaflet syndrome (BMLS)). Auscultatory findings of late systolic murmur with non-ejection ('mid-late') systolic click
John Barlow
John Brereton Barlow (1924-2008) was a South African cardiologist. Barlow described mitral valve prolapse (eponymously known as Barlow’s syndrome) in 1963
Herman Snellen
Herman Snellen (1834–1908): Dutch ophthalmologist who created the Snellen chart and standardized visual acuity testing, transforming eye care worldwide
Charles Hudson
Biography Medical Eponyms Hudson Mask Patented in 1958 by Charles H. Hudson (US Patent No. 2,843,121), the “Hudson mask” became the archetype of the disposable oxygen face mask Designed for low-flow oxygen therapy (5–10 L/min), delivering approximately 35–60% FiO₂. Constructed from…
Necrotising fasciitis
Necrotizing fasciitis: life-threatening soft tissue infection, historically hospital gangrene, term coined by Ben J. Wilson in 1951