Leonardo Gigli
Leonardo Gigli (1863-1908) was an Italian surgeon and gynaecologist. Inventor of the Gigli saw for lateralised pubiotomy
Procedure: Serratus Anterior Block
Emergency Procedure, instruction and discussion: Serratus Anterior Plane (SAP) Block; a technique most often used for rib fracture pain
Procedure: Serratus Anterior Block
Emergency Procedure: Serratus Anterior Plane (SAP) Block; a technique most often used for rib fracture pain
Neuroimaging Cases 009
Neurocysticercosis. Third edition in our Neuroimaging case study series with guest editors Drs. Michael Leonard and David Weinrib
Edmond Landolt
Edmund Landolt (1846–1926): Swiss-French ophthalmologist who created the Landolt C optotype, advanced strabismus surgery, and retinal anatomy studies
Ernst Brücke
Ernst von Brücke (1819–1892) described the eye’s red reflex, paving the way for Helmholtz’s ophthalmoscope and modern retinal examination
Franciscus Donders
Franciscus Donders (1818–1889), Dutch ophthalmologist and physiologist, pioneered refraction studies, eye movement laws, and mental chronometry
William Cumming
William Cumming (1822–1855), Moorfields surgeon who first observed the living eye’s luminous reflex, paving the way for Helmholtz’s ophthalmoscope.
Heinrich Küchler
Heinrich Küchler (1811–1873): German ophthalmologist who pioneered early eye charts, advanced corneal surgery, and reformed medical and military health services
Eduard Jaeger
Eduard Jaeger (1818–1884), Austrian ophthalmologist; introduced Jaeger Test-Types, advanced ophthalmoscopy, and first described diabetic retinopathy
History of the Ophthalmoscope
From ancient “cat’s‑eye” reflections to AI‑assisted retinal imaging: the story of the ophthalmoscope from Helmholtz’s 1851 Augenspiegel to digital, confocal and smartphone‑based system
Louise Sloan
Louise L. Sloan (1898–1982) developed Sloan optotypes (LogMAR), pioneering colour vision screening, perimetry, and low-vision rehabilitation