When the preconditions for the clinical determination of brain death cannot be met, what imaging modalities are recommended to determine absence of intracranial blood flow? What findings in each test confirm brain death?

Outline the role of ECMO (Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation) as a supportive strategy in the critically ill.

Q1. A 49-year-old female, with a history of pulmonary vasculitis is found collapsed in the ward with shallow breathing and a GCS of 6.

Questions a) List the clinical features that indicate a poor prognosis in a patient with community-acquired pneumonia? b) List 5 common organisms causing severe community acquired pneumonia in immunocompetent adults. c) What are the possible reasons for non-response to empiric…

Questions With reference to clinical studies: a)  Define the term “external validity”. b)  Define the term “bias”. c)  Briefly explain selection bias and measures to reduce it. Answers