Can’t Intubate, Can’t Oxygenate

OVERVIEW

Can’t Intubate, Can’t Oxygenate/Ventilate (CICO) scenarios are rare but critical airway emergencies which can quickly progress to severe hypoxia and death if not managed effectively by the healthcare team. There are many different approaches to the difficult or failed airway, all ultimately culminating in a last-line attempt at an emergency surgical airway (ESA)/front of neck access (FONA)/surgical cricothyroidotomy, or a needle cricothyroidotomy.

• Incidence of ~1:10,000 anaesthetics
• Call for help early
• Prepare for ESA/needle cricothyroidotomy, fibre-optic intubation (FOI), or blind nasal intubation
• Use emergency O₂ flush if there is access to ventilator circuit, or high-flow oxygen through face mask

Note – Ultrasound can be used to assist with placement of surgical airway and quick assessment of successful intubation.

RECOGNISING A CICO SCENARIO

ANZCA in their Airway Management resources refer to a model devised by Dr Nick Chrimes called the ‘Vortex Approach’ for recognising and responding to a CICO scenario.

The Vortex Approach:

Note: The Vortex Approach advocates for a single phonetic pronunciation of ‘CICO’ as Ky-Koh to avoid misunderstanding.

• Aimed at all members of the team involved in potential difficult airways (critical care doctors, nurses, surgeons, paramedics, etc.).
• Applies to any clinical context which involves airway management.
• Preparing (or ‘Priming’) for a CICO scenario and eventual CICO Rescue during any airway management should be done simultaneously throughout attempts at Lifelines.
• As any airway difficulty progresses, CICO Status should be escalated. CICO Status should be escalated after an unsuccessful best effort at any lifeline, or earlier if anticipated possible difficult airway or deteriorating clinical picture.
• Dropping oxygen saturation or prolonged time attempting to establish an airway should immediately trigger simultaneous preparation for CICO Rescue.

RESPONDING TO A CICO SCENARIO

• 3 upper airway ‘Lifelines’ (ETT, LMA/SGA, Face Mask) followed by progression to CICO Rescue (also referred to as surgical airway).
  • There should be a ‘best attempt’ at each upper airway Lifeline (in any order), after which if still unsuccessful, progression to surgical airway should immediately follow
  • There should be no more than 3 attempts at each Lifeline, and something should be changed between each attempt to improve the chance of success
  • 5 changes that can be made for each Lifeline:
    • Manipulations
    • Adjuncts
      • Face mask: Guedel airway/Oropharyngeal airway (OPA), Nasopharyngeal airway (NPA)
      • ETT: Fibre-optic intubation (FOI), Shikani optical stylet, video laryngoscopy, different laryngoscope blades
    • Size/Type
    • Suction/Increased flow
    • Muscle tone  

• After each ‘best attempt’ at an upper airway Lifeline, declare this out loud so that all members of the team are aware.
• Once a best attempt has been made at all 3 Lifelines, proceed immediately to CICO Rescue (surgical airway).
  • Note: SpO2 is not a factor in the decision to proceed to CICO Rescue, as although SpO₂ may demonstrate adequate oxygenation, it cannot evaluate safe apnoea time or physiological oxygen reserve which is likely fast depleting. Oxygen saturations are an important consideration, however, in making the context-specific decision as to when a ‘best effort’ at a Lifeline has been made. For example, if SpO₂ is critically low, the airway team may make the decision to only have one ‘best attempt’ at each lifeline before moving to the next Lifeline or to CICO Rescue.

References and Links

Journal articles

• Heard AM, Green RJ, Eakins P. The formulation and introduction of a ‘can’t intubate, can’t ventilate’ algorithm into clinical practice. Anaesthesia. 2009;64:(6)601-8. [pubmed] [full text]

FOAM and web resources

• Keith Greenland on ‘Emergency Surgical Airway: Facts and Fiction’ (video lecture)
• ANZCA CPD Handbook, Appendix 12. Available from: https://www.anzca.edu.au/getattachment/eef6dd32-fe98-4230-8e2f-b32f20cdab30/Appendix-12-Can-t-Intubate,-Can-t-Oxygenate-(CICO)
• Chrimes N. The Vortex approach to airway management [Internet].