Atrial Ectopic and Premature Atrial Complex (PAC)

These arise from ectopic pacemaking tissue within the atria. There is an abnormal P wave, usually followed by a normal QRS complex.

AKA: Atrial ectopics, atrial extrasystoles, atrial premature beats, atrial premature depolarisations.

Origin of Ectopic Beats

• Groups of pacemaker cells throughout the conducting system are capable of spontaneous depolarisation.
• The rate of depolarisation decreases from top to bottom: fastest at the sinoatrial node; slowest within the ventricles.
• Ectopic impulses from subsidiary pacemakers are normally suppressed by more rapid impulses from above.
• However, if an ectopic focus depolarises early enough — before the arrival of the next sinus impulse — it may “capture” the ventricles, producing a premature contraction.
• Premature contractions (“ectopics”) are classified by their origin — atrial (PAC), junctional (PJC) or ventricular (PVC).

ECG Features of Premature Atrial Complex (PAC)

PACs usually have the following features:

• An abnormal (non-sinus) P wave is followed by a QRS complex.
• The P wave typically has a different morphology and axis to the sinus P waves.
• The abnormal P wave may be hidden in the preceding T wave, producing a “peaked” or “camel hump” appearance — if this is not appreciated the PAC may be mistaken for a PJC.
• PACS arising close to the AV node (“low atrial” ectopics) activate the atria retrogradely, producing an inverted P wave with a relatively short PR interval ≥ 120 ms (PR interval < 120 ms is classified as a PJC).
• PACs that reach the SA node may depolarise it, causing the SA node to “reset” — this results in a longer-than-normal interval before the next sinus beat arrives (“post-extrasystolic pause”). Unlike with PVCs, this pause is not equal to double the preceding RR interval (i.e. not a “full compensatory pause”).
• PACs arriving early in the cycle may be conducted aberrantly, usually with a RBBB morphology (as the right bundle branch has a longer refractory period than the left). They can be differentiated from PVCs by the presence of a preceding P wave.
• Similarly, PACs arriving very early in the cycle may not be conducted to the ventricles at all. In this case, you will see an abnormal P wave that is not followed by a QRS complex (“blocked PAC”). It is usually followed by a compensatory pause as the sinus node resets.

Classification of Premature Atrial Complex (PAC)

PACs may be either:

• Unifocal – Arising from a single ectopic focus; each PAC is identical.
• Multifocal – Arising from two or more ectopic foci; multiple P-wave morphologies.

PACs often occur in repeating patterns:

• Bigeminy — every other beat is a PAC.
• Trigeminy — every third beat is a PAC.
• Quadrigeminy — every fourth beat is a PAC.
• Couplet – two consecutive PACs.
• Triplet — three consecutive PACs.

Clinical Significance of Premature Atrial Complex (PAC)

• PACs are a normal electrophysiological phenomenon not usually requiring investigation or treatment.
• Frequent PACs may cause palpitations and a sense of the heart “skipping a beat”.
• In patients with underlying predispositions (e.g. left atrial enlargement, ischaemic heart disease, WPW), a PAC may be the trigger for the onset of a re-entrant tachydysrhythmia — e.g. Atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, AVNRT, AVRT.

Causes of Premature Atrial Complex (PAC)

Frequent or symptomatic PACs may occur due to:

• Anxiety.
• Sympathomimetics.
• Beta-agonists.
• Excess caffeine.
• Hypokalaemia.
• Hypomagnesaemia.
• Digoxin toxicity.
• Myocardial ischaemia

ECG Examples

Example 1

• This rhythm strip displays the typical pattern of frequent PACs (arrows) separated by post-extrasystolic pauses.

Example 2

Blocked PAC:

• This hidden PAC gives a peaked appearance to the T wave (circled).
• The PAC is not not followed by a QRS complex, indicating that it has not been conducted to the ventricles (“blocked PAC”).
• It is followed by a compensatory pause.

Example 3

Normally and aberrantly-conducted PACs:

• There is an aberrantly conducted PAC, best seen in aVL and aVF (circled).
• This could be mistaken for a ventricular ectopic — however, it is clearly preceded by an abnormal P wave.
• A normally-conducted PAC is also present on the rhythm strip (circled).

NB. The rhythm strip is not recorded simultaneously.

Related Topics

• Premature junctional complex (PJC)
• Premature ventricular complex (PVC)

LITFL Further Reading

• ECG Library Basics – Waves, Intervals, Segments and Clinical Interpretation
• ECG A to Z by diagnosis – ECG interpretation in clinical context
  
• ECG Exigency and Cardiovascular Curveball – ECG Clinical Cases
  
• 100 ECG Quiz – Self-assessment tool for examination practice
• ECG Reference SITES and BOOKS – the best of the rest

Advanced Reading

• Brady WJ, Truwit JD. Critical Decisions in Emergency and Acute Care Electrocardiography
• Surawicz B, Knilans T. Chou’s Electrocardiography in Clinical Practice: Adult and Pediatric
• Wagner GS. Marriott’s Practical Electrocardiography 12e
• Chan TC. ECG in Emergency Medicine and Acute Care
• Rawshani A. Clinical ECG Interpretation
  
• Mattu A. ECG’s for the Emergency Physician
• Hampton JR. The ECG In Practice, 6e