ECG Clinical Interpretation
ECG Clinical Interpretation: A-Z by diagnosis
A
- Accelerated idioventricular rhythm
- Accelerated junctional rhythm
- Anterior STEMI
- Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (AHC)
- Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
- Ashman Phenomenon
- Aslanger Pattern (OMI)
- Atrial flutter
- Atrial fibrillation
- Atrial ectopic beat / atrial premature beat
- Atrial tachycardia
- Automatic junctional tachycardia
- AV block: 1st degree
- AV block: 2nd degree, Mobitz I (Wenckebach)
- AV block: 2nd degree, Mobitz II (Hay)
- AV block: 2nd degree, “fixed ratio blocks” (2:1, 3:1)
- AV block: 2nd degree, “high grade AV block”
- AV block: 3rd degree (complete heart block)
- AVNRT (AV-nodal re-entry tachycardia)
- AVRT (atrioventricular re-entry tachycardia)
- Axis Interpretation
B
- Belhassen type VT
- Benign early repolarisation
- Beta-blocker toxicity
- Bidirectional VT
- Bifascicular block
- Biventricular enlargement
- Biatrial enlargement
- Brugada syndrome
- Bundgaard syndrome
C
- Calcium-channel blocker toxicity
- Carbamazepine cardiotoxicity
- Cardiomyopathy, dilated
- Cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic
- Cardiomyopathy, restrictive
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
D
- Delta wave
- De Winter T waves and STEMI
- Dextrocardia
- Digoxin effect
- Digoxin toxicity
- Dilated cardiomyopathy
E
- ECG in Toxicology
- Ectopic atrial tachycardia
- Electrical alternans
- Emphysema
- Epsilon wave
- Escape rhythms, junctional
- Escape rhythms, ventricular
F
H
- High take-off
- Hypercalcaemia
- Hyperkalaemia
- Hyperthyroidism
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)
- Hypocalcaemia
- Hypokalaemia
- Hypomagnesaemia
- Hypothermia
- Hypothyroidism
I
J
- J-point elevation
- Jervell and Lange-Nielsen Syndrome (JLNS)
- Junctional ectopic beat / junctional premature beat
- Junctional escape rhythm
- Junctional tachycardia
K
L
- Lateral STEMI
- Lead reversals: Limb Lead Reversals (overview)
- Lead reversal: Left arm/right arm
- Left atrial enlargement
- Left anterior fascicular block
- Left axis deviation
- Left bundle branch block (LBBB)
- Left bundle branch block — diagnosing myocardial infarction (Sgarbossa criteria)
- Left main coronary artery occlusion (ST elevation in aVR)
- Left posterior fascicular block
- Left ventricular aneurysm
- Left ventricular hypertrophy
- Lenègre-Lev disease
- Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome
- Low QRS Voltage
M
- Masquerading Bundle Branch Block (MBBB)
- Movement artefact
- Multifocal atrial tachycardia
- Myocardial ischemia
- Myocarditis
N
O
P
- Pacemaker rhythms: Normal pacemaker function
- Pacemaker malfunctions: Failure of capture, pacemaker-mediated tachycardia, etc.
- Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia (PAT)
- Pediatric ECG
- Pericardial effusion / tamponade
- Pericarditis
- Persistent ST elevation (LV aneurysm morphology)
- Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia
- Poor R wave progression (PRWP)
- Posterior STEMI
- Preexcitation syndrome
- Premature complexes, atrial
- Premature complexes, junctional
- Premature complexes, ventricular
- Pulmonary disease, chronic
- Pulmonary embolism
Q
R
- Raised intracranial pressure
- Restrictive cardiomyopathy (myocardial infiltrative disease)
- Right atrial enlargement (RAE)
- Right axis deviation (RAD)
- Right bundle branch block (RBBB)
- Right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH)
- Right ventricular Infarction
- Right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) tachycardia
- Right ventricular strain
- Romano-Ward syndrome (LQTS)
- R-wave peak time
S
- Sgarbossa criteria (diagnosing AMI in LBBB)
- Shivering artefact
- Short QT syndrome
- Sinus rhythm
- Sinus arrhythmia
- Sinus bradycardia
- Sinus node dysfunction (Sick sinus syndrome)
- Sinus node exit block
- Sinus node reentrant tachycardia
- Sinus pause / arrest
- Sinus tachycardia
- Sodium channel blocker overdose
- South African Flag Sign
- ST elevation in aVR (LMCA/3VD)
- STEMI, anterior
- STEMI, high lateral
- STEMI, inferior
- STEMI, lateral
- STEMI (old)
- STEMI, posterior
- STEMI, right ventricular
- Subarachnoid haemorrhage
- Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT)
T
- Tako Tsubo Cardiomyopathy
- Torsades de Pointes
- Tremor artifact
- Tricyclic overdose (sodium-channel blocker toxicity)
- Triple vessel disease
- Trifascicular block
V
- V1 and V2 Misplacement
- Ventricular aneurysm
- Ventricular escape rhythm
- Ventricular fibrillation
- Ventricular flutter
- Ventricular ectopics / ventricular premature beats
- Ventricular tachycardia: Fascicular VT
- Ventricular tachycardia: Monomorphic VT
- Ventricular tachycardia: Overview of VT
- Ventricular tachycardia: Right Ventricular Outflow Tract (RVOT) tachcyardia
- VT versus SVT with aberrancy
W
Y
Advanced Reading
Online
- Wiesbauer F, Kühn P. ECG Mastery: Yellow Belt online course. Understand ECG basics. Medmastery
- Wiesbauer F, Kühn P. ECG Mastery: Blue Belt online course: Become an ECG expert. Medmastery
- Kühn P, Houghton A. ECG Mastery: Black Belt Workshop. Advanced ECG interpretation. Medmastery
- Rawshani A. Clinical ECG Interpretation ECG Waves
- Smith SW. Dr Smith’s ECG blog.
- Wiesbauer F. Little Black Book of ECG Secrets. Medmastery PDF
Textbooks
- Zimmerman FH. ECG Core Curriculum. 2023
- Mattu A, Berberian J, Brady WJ. Emergency ECGs: Case-Based Review and Interpretations, 2022
- Straus DG, Schocken DD. Marriott’s Practical Electrocardiography 13e, 2021
- Brady WJ, Lipinski MJ et al. Electrocardiogram in Clinical Medicine. 1e, 2020
- Mattu A, Tabas JA, Brady WJ. Electrocardiography in Emergency, Acute, and Critical Care. 2e, 2019
- Hampton J, Adlam D. The ECG Made Practical 7e, 2019
- Kühn P, Lang C, Wiesbauer F. ECG Mastery: The Simplest Way to Learn the ECG. 2015
- Grauer K. ECG Pocket Brain (Expanded) 6e, 2014
- Surawicz B, Knilans T. Chou’s Electrocardiography in Clinical Practice: Adult and Pediatric 6e, 2008
- Chan TC. ECG in Emergency Medicine and Acute Care 1e, 2004
LITFL Further Reading
- ECG Library Basics – Waves, Intervals, Segments and Clinical Interpretation
- ECG A to Z by diagnosis – ECG interpretation in clinical context
- ECG Exigency and Cardiovascular Curveball – ECG Clinical Cases
- 100 ECG Quiz – Self-assessment tool for examination practice
- ECG Reference SITES and BOOKS – the best of the rest
ECG LIBRARY
