Urea
Urea (Blood Urea Nitrogen – BUN) is the chief end product of protein metabolism. it is formed in the liver from ammonia and excreted by the kidneys. Urea accounts for 50% of serum non-protein nitrogen
Causes of Increased serum urea
- Reduced Renal excretion
- Pre-renal failure
- Renal hypoperfusion (Shock, dehydration)
- Volume contraction
- Decreased effective circulating volume
- Renal failure
- Acute and chronic intrinsic renal disease
- Nephrotoxic drugs
- Post renal obstruction
- Pre-renal failure
- Increased protein turnover
- Increased catabolism (burns, sepsis)
- Increased protein intake
Causes of Decreased serum urea
- Reduced protein intake
- High CHO. Low protein diets
- Malabsorption states
- Alcoholism
- Malnutrition
- Reduced protein catabolism
- Severe hepatic damage
- Increased anabolic state
- Late pregnancy
- Infancy & childhood
- Acromegaly
- Drugs
- Chloramphenicol
- Other
- Over-hydration
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Critical Care
Compendium
Chris is an Intensivist and ECMO specialist at the Alfred ICU in Melbourne. He is also a Clinical Adjunct Associate Professor at Monash University. He is a co-founder of the Australia and New Zealand Clinician Educator Network (ANZCEN) and is the Lead for the ANZCEN Clinician Educator Incubator programme. He is on the Board of Directors for the Intensive Care Foundation and is a First Part Examiner for the College of Intensive Care Medicine. He is an internationally recognised Clinician Educator with a passion for helping clinicians learn and for improving the clinical performance of individuals and collectives.
After finishing his medical degree at the University of Auckland, he continued post-graduate training in New Zealand as well as Australia’s Northern Territory, Perth and Melbourne. He has completed fellowship training in both intensive care medicine and emergency medicine, as well as post-graduate training in biochemistry, clinical toxicology, clinical epidemiology, and health professional education.
He is actively involved in in using translational simulation to improve patient care and the design of processes and systems at Alfred Health. He coordinates the Alfred ICU’s education and simulation programmes and runs the unit’s education website, INTENSIVE. He created the ‘Critically Ill Airway’ course and teaches on numerous courses around the world. He is one of the founders of the FOAM movement (Free Open-Access Medical education) and is co-creator of litfl.com, the RAGE podcast, the Resuscitology course, and the SMACC conference.
His one great achievement is being the father of three amazing children.
On Twitter, he is @precordialthump.
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