Lund Concept for Traumatic Brain injury
OVERVIEW
A ‘volume-targeted’ approach to the management of TBI developed by a Swedish group (not ABBA), based on physiological volume regulation of the intracranial compartments.
The Lund concept contradicts the prevailing strategem of titrating CPP to match ICP in TBI
THEORY
Normal healthy brain
- The balance between effective transcapillary hydrostatic and osmotic pressures constitutes the driving force for transcapillary fluid exchange
- The low permeability for sodium and chloride combined with the high crystalloid osmotic pressure (approximately 5700 mmHg) on both sides of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) counteracts fluid exchange across the intact BBB
- variations in systemic BP generally are not transmitted to these capillaries because cerebral intracapillary hydrostatic pressure (and blood flow) is tightly autoregulated
In TBI
- the BBB may be partially disrupted
- transcapillary water exchange is determined by the differences in hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressure between the intra- and extracapillary compartments
- pressure autoregulation of cerebral blood flow is likely to be impaired in these conditions
- a high cerebral perfusion pressure increases intracapillary hydrostatic pressure and leads to increased intracerebral water content and an increase in ICP
MANAGEMNT ACCORDING TO THE LUND CONCEPT
Principles
- The prevention of brain oedema formation to reduce fluid shift from capillaries into brain parenchyma, by preserving capillary colloid osmotic pressure and reducing capillary hydrostatic pressure
- The improvement of the cerebral microcirculation by the avoidance of arterial vasoconstrictors
Preserve osmotic pressure
- albumin (considered a contra-indication by some based on SAFE trial subgroup analysis)
- blood products
- diuretics
Reduce hydrostatic pressure
- metoprolol
- clonidine
- thiopentone
- dihydroergotamine (precapillary vasoconstriction)
CPP target
- if ICP normal aim for 60-70mmHg
- however, if ICP elevated a CPP of 50mmHg is accepted
Vasoactive use
- avoid dobutamine (cerebral vasodilatation)
- avoid noradrenaline (cerebral vasoconstriction)
EVIDENCE
- improved outcomes compared with historical controls and other institutions have been reported in a few nonrandomized studies
- until recently had never been subjected to a randomized trial and had never been evaluated outside Sweden
- one small Bosnian RCT found a mortality benefit for a ‘modified Lund protocol’ in TBI, compared to a CPP targetted approach
- good evidence against some components of the Lund concept protocol
References and Links
CCC Neurocritical Care Series
Emergencies: Brain Herniation, Eclampsia, Elevated ICP, Status Epilepticus, Status Epilepticus in Paeds
DDx: Acute Non-Traumatic Weakness, Bulbar Dysfunction, Coma, Coma-like Syndromes, Delayed Awakening, Hearing Loss in ICU, ICU acquired Weakness, Post-Op Confusion, Pseudocoma, Pupillary Abnormalities
Neurology: Anti-NMDA Encephalitis, Basilar Artery Occlusion, Central Diabetes Insipidus, Cerebral Oedema, Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis, Cervical (Carotid / Vertebral) Artery Dissections, Delirium, GBS vs CIP, GBS vs MG vs MND, Guillain-Barre Syndrome, Horner’s Syndrome, Hypoxic Brain Injury, Intracerebral Haemorrhage (ICH), Myasthenia Gravis, Non-convulsive Status Epilepticus, Post-Hypoxic Myoclonus, PRES, Stroke Thrombolysis, Transverse Myelitis, Watershed Infarcts, Wernicke’s Encephalopathy
Neurosurgery: Cerebral Salt Wasting, Decompressive Craniectomy, Decompressive Craniectomy for Malignant MCA Syndrome, Intracerebral Haemorrhage (ICH)
— SCI: Anatomy and Syndromes, Acute Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury, C-Spine Assessment, C-Spine Fractures, Spinal Cord Infarction, Syndomes,
— SAH: Acute management, Coiling vs Clipping, Complications, Grading Systems, Literature Summaries, ICU Management, Monitoring, Overview, Prognostication, Vasospasm
— TBI: Assessment, Base of skull fracture, Brain Impact Apnoea, Cerebral Perfusion Pressure (CPP), DI in TBI, Elevated ICP, Limitations of CT, Lund Concept, Management, Moderate Head Injury, Monitoring, Overview, Paediatric TBI, Polyuria incl. CSW, Prognosis, Seizures, Temperature
ID in NeuroCrit. Care: Aseptic Meningitis, Bacterial Meningitis, Botulism, Cryptococcosis, Encephalitis, HSV Encephalitis, Meningococcaemia, Spinal Epidural Abscess
Equipment/Investigations: BIS Monitoring, Codman ICP Monitor, Continuous EEG, CSF Analysis, CT Head, CT Head Interpretation, EEG, Extradural ICP Monitors, External Ventricular Drain (EVD), Evoked Potentials, Jugular Bulb Oxygen Saturation, MRI Head, MRI and the Critically Ill, Train of Four (TOF), Transcranial Doppler
Pharmacology: Desmopressin, Hypertonic Saline, Levetiracetam (Keppra), Mannitol, Midazolam, Sedation in ICU, Thiopentone
MISC: Brainstem Rules of 4, Cognitive Impairment in Critically Ill, Eye Movements in Coma, Examination of the Unconscious Patient, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), Hiccoughs, Myopathy vs Neuropathy, Neurology Literature Summaries, NSx Literature Summaries, Occulocephalic and occulovestibular reflexes, Prognosis after Cardiac Arrest, SIADH vs Cerebral Salt Wasting, Sleep in ICU
- Dizdarevic K, Hamdan A, Omerhodzic I, Kominlija-Smajic E. Modified Lund concept versus cerebral perfusion pressure-targeted therapy: a randomised controlled study in patients with secondary brain ischaemia. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2012 Feb;114(2):142-8. PMID: 22036839.
- Grände PO. The Lund concept for the treatment of patients with severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2011 Oct;23(4):358-62. PMID: 21908989.
- Nordström CH. Physiological and biochemical principles underlying volume-targeted therapy–the “Lund concept”. Neurocrit Care. 2005;2(1):83-95. PMID: 16174975.
- Sharma D, Vavilala MS. Lund concept for the management of traumatic brain injury: a physiological principle awaiting stronger evidence. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2011 Oct;23(4):363-7. PMID: 21908990.
Critical Care
Compendium
Chris is an Intensivist and ECMO specialist at the Alfred ICU in Melbourne. He is also a Clinical Adjunct Associate Professor at Monash University. He is a co-founder of the Australia and New Zealand Clinician Educator Network (ANZCEN) and is the Lead for the ANZCEN Clinician Educator Incubator programme. He is on the Board of Directors for the Intensive Care Foundation and is a First Part Examiner for the College of Intensive Care Medicine. He is an internationally recognised Clinician Educator with a passion for helping clinicians learn and for improving the clinical performance of individuals and collectives.
After finishing his medical degree at the University of Auckland, he continued post-graduate training in New Zealand as well as Australia’s Northern Territory, Perth and Melbourne. He has completed fellowship training in both intensive care medicine and emergency medicine, as well as post-graduate training in biochemistry, clinical toxicology, clinical epidemiology, and health professional education.
He is actively involved in in using translational simulation to improve patient care and the design of processes and systems at Alfred Health. He coordinates the Alfred ICU’s education and simulation programmes and runs the unit’s education website, INTENSIVE. He created the ‘Critically Ill Airway’ course and teaches on numerous courses around the world. He is one of the founders of the FOAM movement (Free Open-Access Medical education) and is co-creator of litfl.com, the RAGE podcast, the Resuscitology course, and the SMACC conference.
His one great achievement is being the father of three amazing children.
On Twitter, he is @precordialthump.
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