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PRES

OVERVIEW

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a syndrome of ‘cephalgia, convulsions, confusion, and vision loss’ (CCCV) typically in the context of severe hypertension

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

The pathophysiology of PRES is poorly understood

  • classically affects the posterior circulation of the brain
  • combination of endothelial damage, impaired auto-regulation and increased cerebral perfusion pressure
  • leads to hyperperfusion with resultant disruption of the blood brain barrier causing vasogenic oedema

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS

  • headache
  • seizures
  • confusion
  • vision loss
  • hypertension
  • risk factors

RISK FACTORS

  • severe hypertension
  • eclampsia
  • renal failure
  • immunosuppressive medications such as tacrolimus and cyclosporin
  • hypomagnesemia
  • post-transplant

INVESTIGATIONS

  • MRI brain
    • classically bilateral hyperintense densities in the parieto-occipital regions on T2 weighted images
  • analogous finds may be seen on a CT head

MANAGEMENT

Specfic therapy

  • Control hypertension
  • Treat seizures
  • Treat underlying cause
    • e.g. IV magnesium and emergent delivery if pregnant
  • Stop precipitating medications (e.g tacrolimus, cyclosporin)

PROGNOSIS

  • partial to complete recovery is usual with appropriate treatment
  • residual neurological and visual deficits may persist

CCC Neurocritical Care Series

Journal articles

  • Moratalla MB. Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome. Emerg Med J. 2010 Jul;27(7):547 ]PMID 20584957]

FOAM and web resources

Critical Care

Compendium

Chris is an Intensivist and ECMO specialist at The Alfred ICU, where he is Deputy Director (Education). He is a Clinical Adjunct Associate Professor at Monash University, the Lead for the  Clinician Educator Incubator programme, and a CICM First Part Examiner.

He is an internationally recognised Clinician Educator with a passion for helping clinicians learn and for improving the clinical performance of individuals and collectives. He was one of the founders of the FOAM movement (Free Open-Access Medical education) has been recognised for his contributions to education with awards from ANZICS, ANZAHPE, and ACEM.

His one great achievement is being the father of three amazing children.

On Bluesky, he is @precordialthump.bsky.social and on the site that Elon has screwed up, he is @precordialthump.

| INTENSIVE | RAGE | Resuscitology | SMACC

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