Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Assessment

OVERVIEW

TBI assessment involves:

  • determining nature and severity of TBI
  • diagnosing underlying causes, complications and associated injuries
  • identify indications for monitoring and therapies
  • determining prognosis

HISTORY

General (AMPLE)

  • Allergies and ADT
  • Medications
  • Past history and pregnancy status
  • last meal
  • Events leading up to injury

Specifically:

  • Age
  • Mechanism of injury
  • Significant co-morbidities
  • Pre-existing neurological deficits
  • GCS at the scene
  • GCS during transport to hospital
  • Oxygen saturation
  • Blood pressure
  • Coagulation status
  • Treatments already given and response to treatment

EXAMINATION

  • Primary and secondary survey as per ATLS algorithms
  • Vital signs (obtain SpO2 and BP as soon as possible)

Specifically in TBI assess:

  • Glasgow coma scale (E1-4 V1-5 M1-6; assess after resuscitation)
  • Pupils (assess after resuscitation and note evidence of orbital trauma)
    — reactivity to light (a fixed pupil is <1mm response to bright light)
    — asymmetry
    — dilation (‘blown pupil’)
  • Focal neurological deficit
  • Lateralising weakness
  • Evidence of:
    – penetrating head injury
    — blunt trauma

Evidence of base of skull fracture:

  • Peri-orbital ecchymosis
  • Retroauricular ecchymosis
  • CSF otorrhoea
  • CSF rhinorrhoea
  • Cranial nerve palsies (especially CN VIII)
  • Haemotympanum

Look for evidence of trans-tentorial herniation:

  • Dilated and non-reactive pupils
  • Asymmetric pupils
  • Deterioration in neurological condition
  • Cushing reflex:
    — Hypertension
    — Bradycardia
    — Irregular respirations

Look for evidence of underlying causes and complications

  • e.g. medic alert bracelets, evidence of seizures (tongue biting, incontinence, etc)

INVESTIGATIONS

Bedside

  • glucose
  • ECG
  • blood gas
  • FAST scan

Laboratory

  • Trauma series bloods (e.g. FBC, UEC, LFTs, lipase, coags, cross-match)

Imaging

  • Urgent CT head and cervical spine (Ensure airway adequately protected and haemodynamically stable prior to transfer to CT)
  • Trauma series radiographs as indicated
  • MRI may be required sub-acutely (e.g. DAI, spinal cord injury)

CCC Neurocritical Care Series

Critical Care

Compendium

Chris is an Intensivist and ECMO specialist at The Alfred ICU, where he is Deputy Director (Education). He is a Clinical Adjunct Associate Professor at Monash University, the Lead for the  Clinician Educator Incubator programme, and a CICM First Part Examiner.

He is an internationally recognised Clinician Educator with a passion for helping clinicians learn and for improving the clinical performance of individuals and collectives. He was one of the founders of the FOAM movement (Free Open-Access Medical education) has been recognised for his contributions to education with awards from ANZICS, ANZAHPE, and ACEM.

His one great achievement is being the father of three amazing children.

On Bluesky, he is @precordialthump.bsky.social and on the site that Elon has screwed up, he is @precordialthump.

| INTENSIVE | RAGE | Resuscitology | SMACC

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